LESSON TWO
SARGA – CREATION (Part 1)
The elementary creation of the sixteen items of matter.
1) earth 1) nose 1) smell
2) water 2) tongue 2) taste
3) fire 3) eyes 3) sight
4) air 4) skin 4) touch
5) ether 5) ear 5) sound
6) mind
TOTAL = 16
The five gross elements, the five senses, the five sense objects and the mind make up the sixteen items of matter. The creation of these elementary manifestations is a result of the energies of Maha Visnu. All this is called creation or sarga.
The interaction of the modes of nature is called visarga, recreation or secondary creation. The secondary creation is a result of the original ingredients and is performed by Brahma.
(S.B. 2.10.3)
After manifesting the universes from the pores of His skin, Maha Visnu expands as Garbhodakasayi Visnu and enters into each and every universe which is half filled with water made from the perspiration from His transcendental body. because He is the Supreme Person or Nara and the water from His body is called Nara, because he lies on this water He is called Narayana.
While lying on His bed of mystic slumber the Lord desired to manifest varieties of living entities from Himself alone.
The Lord divides His potency into three divisions;
1) Adhidaiva – controlling entities
2) Adhiyatma – controlled entities
3) Adhibhuta – material bodies or forms of matter
Verse 15
From the sky situated within the body of the manifesting Maha Visnu sense energy, mental force and bodily strength are all generated, as well as the sum total of the fountainhead of the total living force. (This explains how everything originally comes from Maha Visnu).
Verse 16
When the total energy is in motion, all other entities move, and when the total energy stops endeavouring, all other living entities stop sensual activities.
The individual entities are completely dependent on the total energy of the Lord, just as every electrical instrument depends of the power house.
Verse 17
Being agitated by the virata purusa, the living force generated hunger and thirst and when He desired to eat and drink the mouth opened.
Verse 18
From the mouth the palate became manifested as well as the tongue. After this all the different tastes came into existence.
The controlling deity Varuna also became manifest along with the tongue.
Verse 19
When the Supreme desired to speak, speeches were vibrated from the mouth. Then the controlling deity of speech Fire (Agni) was generated from the mouth.
Verse 20
When the Supreme desired to smell odors, the nostrils and respiration were generated, the nasal instrument and odors also came into existence, and the controlling deity of air, carrying smell, also became manifested.
Verse 21
When the Lord desired to see the eyes, the Sun, the power of vision and the object of sight all became manifested.
Verse 22
Because of the desire of the great sages to know, the ears, the power of hearing, and the objects of hearing became manifested. The controlling deities of directions also became manifested.
Verse 23
When there was a desire to perceive the physical characteristics of matter, the skin, the skin pores and hairs on the body as well as their controlling deities (the trees), were generated.
Verse 24
When the supreme Person desired to work, the hands and their controlling deity Indra became manifested and acts dependent on the hands were also generated.
Verse 25
Because of His desire to control movement the legs became manifested and the controlling deity Visnu was generated.
Verse 26
Sexual pleasure and the genital organ along with the controlling deity Prajapati developed.
Verse 27
When He desired to evacuate the refuse of eatables, the evacuating hole developed along with the controlling deity Mitra.
Verse 28
When He desired to move from one body to another, the navel and the air of departure and death (apana vayu) were created.
Verse 29
When He desired food and drink the abdomen, the intestines and arteries became manifest. The controlling deities, the rivers and the oceans, are the source of their sustenance and keep these organs healthy.
Verse 30
When there was a desire to think about the activities of his potent energy, the heart, the mind, the moon, determination and desire all became manifested. The minds activities begin only when the heart becomes manifested. The heart becomes manifested when the Supersoul desires to remind the soul of his past activities and to see His creation.
(S.B. 2.10.10-30)
The whole explanation and description given above is on the subject of the absolute dependence of the living entities and absolute independence of the Supreme Lord. Everything must first be desired by the Lord before the subordinate living entity can act upon it. The living entity can only see when the Lord sees. The living entity can only smell when the Lord smells, etc.
(S.B. 2.10.20)
The Visvarupa, the gigantic universal form of the Lord, is not an eternal form. It is manifested after the ingredients of the material creation in each universe by Garbhodakasayi Visnu.
(S.B. 3.6.4)
The conception of the Visvarupa, the universal form is especially meant for the neophytes who cannot understand the transcendental form of the Lord. For them He manifests a material form or the universal form. (S.B. 1.3.3)
CREATION (Part two)
(S.B.2.5.22-31)
Verses 22-24
Χ After the incarnation of the first purusa (Karanadaksayi Visnu) the mahat-tattva (sum total of material energy) becomes manifested. Then time is generated and in course of time false ego appears and transforms into three qualities.
1) Goodness – vaikarika ahankara
2) Passion – taijasa ahankara
3) Ignorance – tamasa ahankara
Χ Manifestations of false ego in ignorance.
Verses 24-29
From the darkness of false ego five elements are generated.
ΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧ of sound.
2) Because sky is transformed air is generated with its subtle
quality of touch. (It also contains the quality of sound).
3) When air is transformed fire is generated with its subtle
ΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧ sound and touch).
4) When fire is transformed water is generated with its subtle
quality of taste. (Water also contains the qualities of sound,
touch and form).
ΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧ quality of smell. (Earth also contains the qualities of sound,
touch form and taste).
(S.B. 3.26.32 Purport)
It appears in this verse that the objects of the senses namely the five gross elements and their subtle counterparts are all products of ignorance.
Χ SUBTLE ELEMENT GROSS ELEMENT
Sound is the subtle quality of sky
Touch is the subtle quality of air
Form is the subtle quality of fire
Taste is the subtle quality of water
Smell is the subtle quality of earth
(S.B. 3.5.36)
Each of the elements evolve from subtle to gross. The evolving element has the quality of the previous element as well as its own. Hence the sky, the subtlest of the five gross elements hs one quality. As the different elements evolve they have the qualities of the previous elements and so earth, the last element to manifest has all the qualities of all the elements.
Sky – sound
Air – sound, touch
Fire – sound, touch, form
Water – sound, touch, form, taste
Earth – sound, touch, form, taste, smell
(S.B. 2.10.31)
The construction of the whole material world is prominently made by three elements, namely earth, water and fire. But the living force is produced by sky, air and water. So water is the common element in both the gross and subtle forms of the material creation. Water is the most prominent element and is therefore the principle element of all the five.
Manifestations of false ego in passion.
Verse 31
From false ego in the mode of passion all of the sense organs are generated.
There are two kinds of senses;
Knowledge acquiring senses Working senses
1) ears 1) hands
2) skin 2) legs
3) eyes 3) voice
4) tongue 4) anus
5) nose 5) genitals
The intelligence and the living energy are also generated.
Manifestations of false ego in goodness.
Verse 30
From false ego in the mode of goodness the mind is generated and becomes manifested. The ten demigods controlling bodily movements are also manifested.
The five knowledge acquiring senses and their controlling deities:
1) Ears – sense of hearing – controlling deities of directions
2) Skin – sense of touch – controlling deity of air, Vayu
3) Eyes – sense of sight – controlling deity the Sun god
4) Tongue – sense of taste – controlling deity of water, Varuna 5) Nose – sense of smell – controlling deity the Asvin
Kumaras
The five working senses and their controlling deities:
1) Voice – controlling deity – Agni
2) Hands – controlling deity – Indra, king of heaven
3) Legs – controlling deity – Lord Visnu
4) Anus – controlling deity – Mitra
5) Genitals – controlling deity – Brahma
ANIRUDDHA – mind – controlling deity – Moon god
PRADYUMNA – intelligence – controlling deity – Brahma
SANKARSANA – false ego – controlling deity – Siva
The sense of perception is of two kinds; touch and itching.
The controlling deity of air in the body is called Anila.
Anila also controls the sense of touch.
The controlling deity of hairs on the body is called Osadhya.
He also controls the itching sensation.
The controlling deities of the trees control the hairs on the body.
Vayu, the controller of air controls smell because smell is carried by air.
The controlling deities of the rivers control the nervous system.
The ocean is considered to be the controlling deity of the abdomen.
Yamaraja also presides over the anus and genitals because discharging semen is the cause of a horrible death and he is the god of death.
LESSON THREE
THE THREE PURUSA AVATARAS
1) Karanadakasayi Visnu (Maha Visnu)
2) Garbhodakasayi Visnu
3) Ksirodakasayi Visnu
visnos tu trini rupani
purusakhyany atho viduh
ekam tu mahatah srastr
dvitiyam tv anda-samsthitam
trtiyam sarva-bhuta-stham
tani jnatva vimucyate
“For material creation, Lord Krsna’s plenary expansion assumes three Visnus. The first one, Maha Visnu, creates the total material energy, known as mahat-tattva. The second, Garbhodakasayi Visnu, enters into all the universes to create diversities in each of them. The third, Ksirodakasayi Visnu, is diffused as the all-pervading Supersoul in all the universes and is known as Paramatma. He is present even within the atoms. Anyone who knows these three Visnus can be liberated from material entanglement.”
(Satvata-tantra quoted in Bg. 7.4 purport)
1) Vasudeva 2) Sankarsana 3) Pradyumna 4) Aniruddha
These original catur vyuha expansions reside in Mathura and Dwaraka. From these original catur vyuha expansions twenty four forms of Visnu expand. They are named differently according to the arrangement of the conch, disc, lotus and club in Their hands. All of these twenty four forms reside in each Vaikuntha planet with the predominating Deity of that planet.
From the original catur vyuha the second catur vyuha expands. In this second catur vyuha the form of Sankarsana is also called Maha Sankarsana. It is from maha Sankarsana that Maha Visnu becomes manifested.
KRSNA
Original Personality of Godhead
³
³
BALARAMA
First expansion
³
³
ORIGINAL CATUR VYUHA
Vasudeva, Sankarsana, Pradyumna, Aniruddha
³
³
SECOND CATUR VYUHA
Vasudeva, Sankarsana,¿ Pradyumna, Aniruddha
(Each expand into three and³then another two expansions)
³
³
(Maha Sankarsana)
³
³
MAHA VISNU
1) MAHA VISNU lies on the causal ocean which apppears in one corner of the spiritual world. He manifests the mahat tattva (or the sum total of material energy). It is into this mahat tattva that He exhales all of the seedlike universes through the pores of His skin. These seedlike universes then expand as the different material elements form coverings around them. Each of the coverings is ten times thicker than the previous covering and form a shell-like covering.
When Maha Visnu impregnates the living entities by His glance into the material nature it begins to manifest its various energies.
2) When the universes have thus developed in the womb of material nature, Maha Visnu expands as GARBHODAKASAYI VISNU, Who enters into each universe with the living entities of that particular universe and thus activates each universe by His presence. he lies down on Ananta Sesa who lies on the Garbha ocean, which is the perspiration from the Lord’s body and half fills the universe.
From His navel comes a lotus bud which is the total form of the living entities fruitive activity. The lotus grows dissapating the darkness of the universe.
On top of the lotus Brahma, the first living being appears. Not finding his origin, brahma looked in four directions and developed four heads. Situated on the lotus, Brahma could not understand anything. He began entering the stem and climbed down to find its origin. Not finding anything, Brahma again returned to the top of the lotus where he heard the word ta-pa (austerity). Hearing the sound Brahma underwent penance for one thousand celestial years; (6x30x12x1000 earthly years). Being very pleased with Brahma’s tapasya, the Lord manifested the Vaikuntha planets. Seeing Vaikuntha, Brahma became very happy and bowed to the Lord. Being very pleased with Brahma the Lord shakes his hand and reveals how to create the universe.
3) To maintain the universe Garbhodakasayi Visnu expands as KSIRODAKASAYI VISNU, Who is the all-pervading Supersoul (Paramatma). By His entering into every atom He maintains the whole universe. His abode is Svetadwipa an island in the ocean of milk.
References: (S.B.1.3.1-5) (S.B.3.8.11-21) (S.B.2.9.4-9)
THE THREE KINDS OF CREATION – KALPA
(S.B. 2.10.47-48)
First Creation: MAHAKALPA
The creation of the sixteen elementary elements, which are all products of the false ego, created by Maha Visnu.
(Maha Visnu creates the total material energy).
Second Creation: VIKALPA
The creation of Brahma by Garbhodakasayi Visnu and the dispersion of the material elements.
(Garbhodakasayi Visnu creates the diversities in each universe).
Third creation: KALPA
The creation by Brahma in each day of his life after waking from his sleep.
Lord Brahma’s one day is called a Kalpa, the creation of Brahma is called Vikalpa and the creation of the total creation is called Mahakalpa.
In the Skanda Purana, Brahma’s thirty days are mentioned. Each day of Brahma is a duration of one thousand divya yugas. A divya yuga comprises of one thousand of the four yugas. The same duration comprises his night.
LORD BRAHMA’S THIRTY DAYS
1) Sveta Varaha Kalpa 11) Dhyana Kalpa 21) Soma Kalpa
2) Nilalohita Kalpa 12) Sarasvata Kalpa 22) Bhavana Kalpa
3) Vamadeva Kalpa 13) Udana Kalpa 23) Supuma Kalpa
4) Gathantara Kalpa 14) Garuda Kalpa 24) Vaikuntha Kalpa
5) Raurava Kalpa 15) Kaurma Kalpa 25) Arcisa Kalpa
6) Prana Kalpa 16) Narasimha Kalpa 26) Vali Kalpa
7) Brhat Kalpa 17) Samadhi Kalpa 27) Vairaja Kalpa
8) Kandarpa Kalpa 18) Agneya Kalpa 28) Gauri Kalpa
9) Sadyata Kalpa 19) Visnuja Kalpa 29) Mahesvara Kalpa
10) Isana Kalpa 20) Saura Kalpa 30) Paitr Kalpa
THE NINE KINDS OF CREATION
(S.B. 3.10.15-18)
1) The first creation is of the Mahat-tattva.
(This creation is performed by MahaVisnu).
In the first creation the modes of nature mix and give rise to false ego.
2) False ego or identification of the body, along with the material ingredients, material knowledge and material activities arise.
(working senses and knowledge aquiring senses).
3) The sense perceptions are created and from these the material elements are generated.
- i) soundii) touch iii) sight iv) taste v) smell
sky air fire water earth
4) The creation of knowledge and working capacity.
5) The contolling deities become manifest by the interaction of the mode of goodness.
6) The sixth creation is the ignorant darkness of the living entity, by which the master acts as a fool.
NOTE:
All the above are natural creations by the external energy of the Lord. The remaining three are creations of Brahma and will be included in that section.
LESSON FOUR
PART 1
VISARGA; RECREATION – CREATIONS OF BRAHMA
(S.B. 3.10.7-9)
Sitting on top of the lotus, which was spread throughout the universe, Brahma contemplated on how to create all the planets. Brahma then entered in the whorl of the lotus and divided it into three divisions and then into fourteen divisions.
The seeds of all the planets in the universe were impregnated in the lotus by the Supreme Lord. The material world and the living entities were already generated in seedling forms by the Lord and Brahma was to disseminate the seedlings all over the universe.
(S.B. 3.10.7 purport)
THE CREATIONS OF THE KUMARAS AND OTHERS
(S.B. 3.12.2-57)
Verse 2
Brahma first created the nescient engagements which are five in number.
1) Self-deception – Moha
2) The sense of death – Andha Tamisra
3) Anger after frustration – Tamisra
4) The sense of false ownership – Maha Moha
5) Forgetfulness of one’s real idendity – Tamas
(S.B. 3.20.18)
Before creating the living entities in their different species of life, the conditions under which they live were created by Brahma.
Verse 3
Brahman then gave up his body and began a new term of creation.
Verse 4
In the beginning Brahma created the four Kumaras; Sanaka, Sananda, Sanatana and Sanat Kumara.
Verses 5-20
Brahma asked his four sons to generate progeny. The Kumaras declined, which made Brahma very angry. He tried to control his anger but it came out from between his eyebrows in the form of a child in a mixed colour of red and blue. The child was crying and was therefore called Rudra. He was given eleven places to reside, Rudranis. Rudra then began to increase the progeny of the universe with offspring resembling himself in every way. They attempted to devour the universe, which made Brahma very afraid. He told Rudra to go and perform penance and wait for the time of dissolution, when his services would be called upon.
Verses 21-29
Brahma then created ten sons;
1) Narada – born from Brahma’s deliberation.
2) Vasistha – born from Brahma’s breathing.
3) Daksa – born from Brahma’s thumb.
4) Bhrgu – born from Brahma’s touch.
5) Kratu – born from Brahma’s hand.
6) Pulastya – born from brahma’s ears.
7) Angira – born from Brahma’s mouth.
8) Atri – born from brahma’s eyes.
9) Marici – born from Brahma’s mind.
10) Pulaha – born from Brahma’s navel.
Verse 25
Religion was manifested from his breast.
Irreligion was manifested from his back.
Verse 26
Lust and desire became manifest from his heart
anger from his eyebrows
greed from his lips
the power of speaking from his mouth
the ocean from his genitals
abominable activities from his anus
Verse 27
Kardama was manifested from his shadow.
Verses 28-32
Brahma had a daughter named Vak born from his body. His mind was attracted sinfully to her and his sons prayed to the Supreme Lord for the good sense of Brahma.
Verse 33
Brahma gave up his body of sinful thought which became the dangerous fog of darkness.
Verses 34-48
The four Vedas, the four principles of religion, the four social orders, medical science, military art, musical art, architectural science all emanated one after another. The fifth Veda (Purana) as well as histories all became manifest from his different mouths in systematic order. The eight varieties of fire sacrifice, the four divisions of retired life, the four divisions of renounced life, the science of logical argument, law and order, and moral codes all became manifest from his mouth.
The pranava omkara was manifested from his heart. The art of literary expression usnik was generated from his hair. The principle Vedic hymn, gayatri from his skin, tristup from the flesh, anustup from the veins, and jagati from his bones. The art of writing verse, pankti, came from the bone marrow and brhati, another type of verse was generated from the life-breath. Brahma’s soul was manifested as the touch alphabets (sparsas), his body as the vowels, his senses as the sikilant alphabets, his strength as the intermediate alphabets and his sensual activities as the seven notes of music.
Verses 49-57
When Brahma saw that in spite of the presence of the sages their was no sufficient increase in the poulation, he seriously began to consider how the poulation could be increased. While he was thus contemplating, two forms were generated from his body. They were Svayabhuva Manu and Satarupa. In due course of time Manu begot two sons, Uttanapada and Priyavrata, and three daughters, Akuti, Devahuti and Prasuti. Manu gave Akuti to the sage Ruci, Devahuti to Kardama and Prasuti to Daksa. From them, all the world filled with poulation.
(S.B. 3.20.18-53)
Verse 18
Brahma first created the five kinds of ignorance from his shadow. (tamisra, andha-tamisra, tamas, moha and maha-moha).
Verses 19-21
Out of disgust, Brahma threw off the body of ignorance, which became the night. The Yaksas and Raksasas took possession of that body. Night is the source of hunger and thirst. Overpowered by hunger and thirst they ran to devour Brahma and Brahma became very afraid and asked to be spared.
Verse 22
He then created the cheif demigods. he dropped before them the form of daytime and the demigods sportingly took possession of it.
Verses 23-37
Brahma then gave birth to the demons from his buttocks. They were very fond of sex and even approached him for copulation. Brahma first laughed at their stupidity, but seeing their determination grew indignant and ran away approached the Lord for protection. The Lord ordered him to give up that body, which took the form of the evening twilight. The demons became bewildered and took the twilight to be a beautiful woman and seized her.
Verses 38-39
Brahma then evolved the Gandhavas and Apsaras.
Verses 40-41
Brahma then evolved from his sloth the ghosts and goblins. The ghosts took possession of the body thrown off in the form of yawning by Brahma. (This is the sleep that causes drooling. Ghosts attack such unclean people who are subject to be haunted or to go insane).
Verses 42-43
Brahma then evolved th Sandhyas and Pitas from his own invisible form, from his navel.
Verse 44
Brahma then evolved the Siddhas and Vidyadharas and gave his form known as Antardhana. (Antardhana means that these living creatures can be perceived to be present, but they cannot be seen by vision.)
Verses 45-46
Seeing his reflection in the water and admiring himself, Brahma evolved the Kimpurusas as well as the Kinnaras out of that reflection.
Verse 47
Brahma once layed down with his body at full length. In a sullen mood he gave up that body which transformed into snakes.
Verses 48-50
From his mind Brahma evolved the Manus who promote welfare activities and Brahma gave them his own human form.
LESSON FOUR
PART 2
THE SPECIES OF LIFE.
jalaja nava laksani
sthavara laksha-vimsati
krimayo rudra sankhyakat
prkshinam dasa-laksanam
trimsal-laksani paravah
catur laksani manusah
There are 900,000 species living in the water. There are also 2,000,000 nonmoving entities such as trees and plants. There are 1.100,000 species of insects and reptiles and there are 1,000,000 species of birds. As far as animals are concerned there are 3,000,000 varieties and there are 400,000 human species.
(Padma Purana)
(S.B. 2.10.37-40)
Brahma and his sons like Daksa, the periodical heads like Vaivasvata Manu, the demigods like Indra, Candra and Varuna, the great sages like Bhrgu, Vyasa and Vasistha, the Gandharvas, Vidyadharas, Asuras, Yaksas, Kinnaras and Angels, the serpentines, the monkey shaped Kimpurusas, the Human Beings, the inhabitants of Matrloka, the demons, Pisacas, ghosts, spirits, lunatics and evil spirits, the good and evil stars, goblins, the animals in the forest, the birds, the household animals, the reptiles, the mountains, the entities born from the embryo, from eggs, from perspiration, from seeds and all others, whether they be in water, land or air, in happiness or distress. All of them, according to their past deeds are created by the Supreme Lord.
(S.B.5.5.21-22)
Beings who have a living force (vegetables, trees and plants), are superior to earth, stone or dull matter, etc. Superior to non-moving beings are snakes and worms, etc., or beings that move. Superior to snakes and worms are animals with developed intelligence. Superior to animals are human beings. Superior to human beings are ghosts – because they have no material (gross) bodies. Superior to ghosts are Gandharvas. Superior to Gandharvas are the Siddhas. Superior to the Siddhas are the Kinnaras. Superior to the Kinnaras are the demons. Superior to the demons are the demigods. Of the demigods Indra is the topmost. Brahma’s direct sons like Daksa, etc., are superior to Indra. among Brahma’s sons Siva is the most elevated.
(S.B. Canto 6, Chapter 6)
Prajapati Daksa begot sixty daughters in the womb of his wife Aksini. These daughters were given in charity to different people to increase the population.
Ten daughters were given to Dharmaraja, thirteen to Kasyapa, and twenty-seven to the moon god. In this way fifty daughters were distributed. Of the other ten, two were given to Bhuta, Angira and Krsasva and the remaining four were given to Kasyapa. Thus Kasyapa got seventeen of Daksa’s daughters. It was because of the union of these daughters with various exalted personalities, that the entire universe was filled with various kinds of living entities in various bodies like humans, demigods, birds, etc.
NOTE:
Daksa was the son of Brahma and therefore a brahmana. Due to his misbehaving like a non- brahmana by insulting Lord Siva, he had to take birth in the womb of a ksatriya. Thus he became the son of the Pracetas. Also because of his disrespecting Lord Siva, he had to undergo the tribulation of taking birth in the womb of a woman.
The controversy of the Daksa yajna took place during the Svayambhuva manvantara and as a punishment he was killed by Virabhadra. But because that was not sufficient he also had to take birth from Marisa and the Pracetas. According to Visvanatha Cakravati Thakura, Daksa underwent penance up to the fifth manvantara and then at the beginning of the sixth manvantara (Caksusa), Daksa took birth again (as previously mentioned), and on the order of Brahma, engaged in generating the population of the universe.
(S.B. 4.30.48-50)
LESSON FIVE
PART ONE
CALCULATION OF TIME FROM THE ATOM
(S.B.3.11.1-12)
The atomic description of the Srimad Bhagavatam is almost the same as the modern science. This is further described in the Paraman-vada of Kanada. Time is measured in terms of its covering a certain space of atoms. Standard time is calculated in terms of the movement of the sun. The time covered by the sun in passing over an atom is calculated as atomic time.
Two atoms – a double atom
Three double atoms – a hexatom (particle visable in
sunshine)
Three hexatoms – a truti or 18 atomic particles, or one
second divided in 16,875 parts.
One hundred trutis – one veda
Three vedas – one lava
Three lavas – one nimesa
Three nimesas – one ksana
Five ksanas – one kastha or 8 seconds
Fifteen kasthas – one laghu or 2 minutes
Fifteen laghus – one (nadika-danda) or 30 minutes
Two dandas – one muhurta or one hour
Six to seven dandas – one prahara or quarter of a day
Fifteen days and nights – two weeks or a fortnight
Two fortnights – one month
During the period of one month the moon wanes and is called krsna paksa, the dark moon or amavasya. In the same month the moon waxes and is called gaur-paksa or sukla paksa, the full moon or purnima.
Purnima to amavasya is called krsnapaksa (dark moon).
Amavasya to purnima is called gaurpaksa (bright moon).
Two months – one season
During the first six months the sun travels from south to north and is known as uttarayana. During the second six months the sun travels from north to south and is known as daksinayana. Two solar movements equals one day and night of the demigods.
LESSON FIVE
PART TWO
THE FOUR YUGAS
The four yugas are known as a divya yuga. One divya yuga is 12,000 years of the demigods or 4,320,000 human years.
KRTA or SATYA-YUGA (Golden Age)
Duration – 4,800 demigods years or 1,728,000 human years
Life span – 100,000 years
Yuga dharma – meditation or astanga yoga having eight parts.
1) Yama – Rules
2) Niyama – Restrictions
3) Asana – Sitting postures
4) Pranayama – Breathing exercises
5) Pratyahara – Sense restriction
6) Dharana – Meditation
7) Dhyana – Undisturbed meditation
8) Samadhi – Total absorbtion
Yuga Avatara (11.5.21)
The yuga avatara is white with four arms, has
matted hair and wears a garment of tree bark. He
carries a black deerskin, a sacred thread, prayer
beads and the rod and waterpot of a brahmacari.
Symptoms of Satya-yuga
The people are peaceful, non-envious, friendly
and naturally Krsna conscious. In Satya-yuga
there was no division of asrama, everyone was a
paramahamsa. There was no demigod worship, only
the worship of Krsna and religion was perfectly
practiced.
(S.B. 11.5.21-22)(S.B. Canto 9 Ch. 14)
#sixteen elements #16 elements
Post view 421 times
Leave a Reply