{"id":66860,"date":"2024-02-09T09:18:24","date_gmt":"2024-02-09T13:18:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/?p=66860"},"modified":"2024-05-09T09:23:18","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T13:23:18","slug":"om-omkara-pranava","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/om-omkara-pranava\/","title":{"rendered":"Om Omkara Pranava"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"mw-bodytext\">\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div id=\"compilation\">\n<div id=\"Lectures\" class=\"section\">\n<p><b>Pranava yoga<\/b> is <a title=\"Meditation\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Meditation\">meditation<\/a> on the sacred mantra <a title=\"Om\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Om\">Om<\/a>, as outlined in the <a title=\"Upanishads\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Upanishads\">Upanishads<\/a>, the <i><a title=\"Bhagavad Gita\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Bhagavad_Gita\">Bhagavad Gita<\/a><\/i>, and the <i><a title=\"Yoga Sutras of Patanjali\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali\">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali<\/a><\/i>. It is also called <i>Aum yoga<\/i> and <i>Aum yoga meditation<\/i>. It is, simply put, fixing the mind on the sound of the mantra &#8220;<a title=\"Om\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Om\">Aum<\/a>&#8221; \u2013 the sacred syllable that both symbolizes and embodies <a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a>, the Absolute Reality \u2013 as the <a title=\"Mantra\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mantra\">mantra<\/a> is constantly repeated in unison with the breath. The purpose of pranava yoga is to become free from suffering and limitation.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose is well stated in the <a title=\"Prashna Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Prashna_Upanishad\">Prashna Upanishads<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p>&#8220;What world does he who meditates on Aum until the end of his life, win by That? If he meditates on the Supreme Being with the syllable Aum, he becomes one with the Light, he is led to the world of Brahman [the Absolute Being] Who is higher than the highest life, That which is tranquil, unaging, immortal, fearless, and supreme.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u200a<cite>Prashna Upanishad 5:1.5.7<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2><span id=\"The_mantra_Aum\" class=\"mw-headline\">The mantra Aum<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span><a title=\"Edit section: The mantra Aum\" href=\"file:\/\/\/w\/index.php?title=Pranava_yoga&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a title=\"Om\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Om\">Aum<\/a>, according to Hindu philosophy, is the primordial sound from which the whole universe was created. Aum, also called the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pranava\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pranava\">Pranava<\/a>, is the original Word of Power, and is recited as a mantra. A mantra is a series of verbal sounds having inherent sound-power that can produce a particular physical or psychological effect, not just something that has an assigned intellectual meaning. The word mantra derives from the <a title=\"Sanskrit\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sanskrit\">Sanskrit<\/a> expression <b>mananaath thraayathe<\/b> which loosely means &#8220;a transforming thought&#8221;; literally, &#8220;that which, when thought, carries one across [the worldly ocean of sorrow]&#8221;. The power of a mantra lies in its ability to produce an objective, perceptible change in the yogi who repeats it correctly.<\/p>\n<p>In the yoga tradition, Aum is the most sacred of holy words, the supreme mantra. Aum is also called the Pranava, a Sanskrit word which means both controller of life force (prana) and life-giver (infuser of prana). &#8220;That which causes all the pranas to prostrate themselves before and get merged in the Paramatman, so as to attain identity with Him, is for that reason known as the Pranava.&#8221; \u2013 <a title=\"Atharvashikha Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Atharvashikha_Upanishad\">Atharvashikha Upanishad<\/a> 1:10a.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> Aum is called the Shabda Brahman \u2013 God as Sound\/Vibration. According to yoga theory, the universe has emanated from this primal movement in God. By following the thread of Aum back in meditation to more and more subtle levels of awareness, the yogi regains union with Brahman.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"The_Upanishads\" class=\"mw-headline\">The Upanishads<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span><a title=\"Edit section: The Upanishads\" href=\"file:\/\/\/w\/index.php?title=Pranava_yoga&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Upanishads (both the major and minor) are full of references to Aum and meditation on Aum. Below is a small sampling:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;He who utters Om with the intention &#8216;I shall attain Brahman&#8217; does verily attain Brahman.&#8221; &#8211; <a title=\"Taittiriya Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Taittiriya_Upanishad\">Taittiriya Upanishad<\/a> 1.8.1<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;The Self is of the nature of the Syllable Om&#8230;Meditate on Om as the Self&#8221; &#8211; <a title=\"Mandukya Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mandukya_Upanishad\">Mandukya Upanishad<\/a> 1.8.12, 2.2.3)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;The form of meditation that came to manifest as the foremost of all, for the regeneration of all seekers, was the First Word, indicative of Brahman [God]: the Syllable Om. Meditation on Om should be resorted to by seekers after liberation. This Syllable is the Supreme Brahman.&#8221; \u2013 Atharvashikha Upanishad 1:1,2<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;God is the Syllable Om, out of Him proceeds the Supreme Knowledge.&#8221; \u2013 <a title=\"Shvetashvatara Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad\">Svetasvatara Upanishad<\/a> 4:17<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Om is Brahman, the Primeval Being. This is the Veda which the knowers of Brahman know; through it one knows what is to be known.&#8221; \u2013 <a title=\"Brihadaranyaka Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad\">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad<\/a> 5.1.1<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;One should meditate on this Syllable [Om].&#8221; \u2013 <a title=\"Chandogya Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Chandogya_Upanishad\">Chandogya Upanishad<\/a> 1.1.1<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;The Syllable Om is the bow: one&#8217;s self, indeed, is the arrow. Brahman is spoken of as the target of that. It is to be hit without making a mistake. Thus one becomes united with it [Brahman] as the arrow becomes one with the target.&#8221; \u2013 <a title=\"Mundaka Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mundaka_Upanishad\">Mundaka Upanishad<\/a> 2.2.4<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Katha Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Katha_Upanishad\">Katha Upanishad<\/a> 1.2.15, 1.2.16, 1.2.17<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Bhagavad_Gita\" class=\"mw-headline\"><i>Bhagavad Gita<\/i><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Bhagavad Gita\" href=\"file:\/\/\/w\/index.php?title=Pranava_yoga&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Speaking from the perspective of the Infinite Being, enumerating his major manifestation-embodiments, Krishna says: &#8220;I am the syllable Om.&#8221;(Gita 7:8) He also says the same thing in 9:17 (&#8220;I am&#8230;the sacred monosyllable&#8221;) and 10:25 (&#8220;Among words I am the monosyllable Om&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>What to &#8220;do&#8221; with aum is then outlined by Krishna: &#8220;Engaged in the practice of concentration&#8230; uttering the monosyllable Om&#8211;the Brahman&#8211;remembering Me always, he&#8230;attains to the supreme goal. I am easily attainable by that ever-steadfast Yogi who constantly and daily remembers Me.&#8221;\u2013 <i>Bhagavad Gita<\/i> 6:13; 8:12-14<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali\" class=\"mw-headline\"><i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali<\/i><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Yoga Sutras of Patanjali\" href=\"file:\/\/\/w\/index.php?title=Pranava_yoga&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable floatright\">\n<caption>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2001x_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2001x-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Pada (Chapter)<\/th>\n<th>English meaning<\/th>\n<th>Sutras<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Samadhi Pada<\/td>\n<td>On being absorbed in spirit<\/td>\n<td>51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sadhana Pada<\/td>\n<td>On being immersed in spirit<\/td>\n<td>55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vibhuti Pada<\/td>\n<td>On supernatural abilities and gifts<\/td>\n<td>56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kaivalya Pada<\/td>\n<td>On absolute freedom<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Patanjali&#8217;s Yoga Sutras, the most ancient and authoritative text on Yoga, outlines the purpose and process of yoga as follows:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Ishwara [God] is a particular <a title=\"Purusha\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Purusha\">Purusha<\/a> [Spirit, Person] Who is untouched by the afflictions of life, actions, and the results and impressions produced by these actions. In Him is the highest limit of omniscience. 36 Being unconditioned by time He is teacher even of the ancients. His designator [vachaka] is the Pranava [Om]. 37 Its <a title=\"Japa\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Japa\">japa<\/a> [constant repetition] and bhavanam is the way [or: should be done]. From it result [come] the disappearance of obstacles and the turning inward of consciousness. Disease, languor, doubt, carelessness, laziness, worldly-mindedness, delusion, non-achievement of a stage, instability, these cause the distraction of the mind and they are the obstacles. [Mental] pain, despair, nervousness, and agitation are the symptoms of a distracted condition of mind. For removing these obstacles [there should be] the constant practice of the one principle [the japa and bhavanam of Om].&#8221; \u2013 <i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali<\/i> 1:24-32<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Opinions_on_Aum\" class=\"mw-headline\">Opinions on Aum<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Opinions on Aum\" href=\"file:\/\/\/w\/index.php?title=Pranava_yoga&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"box-Copy_to_Wikiquote plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move\" role=\"presentation\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mbox-image\">\n<div class=\"mbox-image-div\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg\/40px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg\/60px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg\/80px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png 2x\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text\">\n<div class=\"mbox-text-span\">This section <b>is a candidate for <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"m:Help:Transwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/meta.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Transwiki\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">copying<\/a> over to <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Main Page\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikiquote<\/a> using the Transwiki process<\/b>.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sri Anandamoyi Ma\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sri_Anandamoyi_Ma\">Sri Anandamoyi Ma<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;[Remembrance of the Pranava] must become so automatic that you cannot breathe without remembering It.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Om is the root of all sounds. Every other sound is contained in That, and It is used to take one beyond all sound.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a title=\"Sri Aurobindo\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sri_Aurobindo\">Sri Aurobindo<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;OM is the mantra, the expressive sound-symbol of the Brahman Consciousness in its four domains from the Turiya to the external or material plane. The function of a mantra is to create vibrations in the inner consciousness that will prepare it for the realisation of what the mantra symbolises and is supposed indeed to carry within itself. The mantra OM should therefore lead towards the opening of the consciousness to the sight and feeling of the One Consciousness in all material things, in the inner being and in the supraphysical worlds, in the causal plane above now superconscient to us and, finally, the supreme liberated transcendence above all cosmic existence. The last is usually the main preoccupation with those who use the mantra.&#8221; <i>Letters on Yoga<\/i>, Vol. II, p.\u00a0745-46<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a title=\"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada\">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;If you are a serious student of Vedic mantras, you will chant Om because Vedic mantras begin with Om. Om, or the Omkara, is Krishna. Many people are fond of chanting Omkara. That is also nice, because Omkara is Krishna. If we simply remember, This Omkara is Krishna then we become perfect, because the goal is to become Krishna conscious. So you can become Krishna conscious while chanting Om.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Swami Dayananda Saraswati\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati\">Swami Dayananda Saraswati<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;Om is the highest Name of God, and comprises many other Names of God. It should be borne in mind that Om is the Name of God exclusively\u2014and of no other object material or spiritual\u2014while the others are but descriptive titles and not exactly proper names.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a title=\"Kabir\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Kabir\">Kabir<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;This is the Ultimate Word: but can any express its marvellous savor? He who has savored it once, he knows what joy it can give. Kabir says: Knowing it, the ignorant man becomes wise, and the wise man becomes speechless and silent.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a title=\"Lahiri Mahasaya\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Lahiri_Mahasaya\">Lahiri Mahasaya<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;Constant japa of the Pranava, Omkar, Which is self-revealing, and constant focus on It as the form of Ishvara, and dedicating all actions to It as if you are not the doer yourself; is Kriya Yoga.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a class=\"new\" title=\"Avadhuta Nityananda Paramhansa (page does not exist)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/w\/index.php?title=Avadhuta_Nityananda_Paramhansa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Avadhuta Nityananda Paramhansa<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;Following the path of discrimination, let the pure mind be firmly fixed in Om.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a title=\"Ramakrishna\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Ramakrishna\">Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;&#8216;What will you gain&#8217;, some sages ask, &#8216;by merely hearing this sound?&#8217; You hear the roar of the ocean from a distance. By following the roar you can reach the ocean. As long as there is the roar, there must also be the ocean. By following the trail of Om you attain Brahman, of which the Word is the symbol. That Brahman has been described by the Vedas as the ultimate goal.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a title=\"Ramana Maharshi\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Ramana_Maharshi\">Ramana Maharshi<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;The purport of prescribing meditation on the Pranava is this. The Pranava is Omkara\u2026the advaita-mantra which is the essence of all mantras\u2026. In order to get at this true significance, one should meditate on the Pranava. \u2026The fruition of this process is samadhi which yields release [moksha], which is the state of unsurpassable bliss.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Amit Ray <\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the book <i>Om Chanting and Meditation<\/i>:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p>Om chanting is a creative art, not just mechanical repetition of a word. Om is known as Pranava, which means new, the ever fresh. So, each uttering of Om mantra is always new, unique and fresh. We all are unique&#8230;. Therefore, our utterances of Om should be spontaneous and unique.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Pranava%20yoga%20-%20Wikipedia.html#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"mw-bodytext\">\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div id=\"compilation\">\n<div id=\"Lectures\" class=\"section\">\n<h2><span id=\"Lectures\" class=\"mw-headline\">Lectures<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"Srimad-Bhagavatam_Lectures\" class=\"sub_section\">\n<h3><span id=\"Srimad-Bhagavatam_Lectures\" class=\"mw-headline\">Srimad-Bhagavatam Lectures<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"LectureonSB211LosAngelesJuly11970_0\" class=\"quote\">\n<div class=\"heading\">This om means addressing the Lord. In the all the Vedic mantras they are addressing. Our this Hare K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a mantra, mah\u0101-mantra, that is also addressing. Hare, Hare, addressing the energy of the Lord, Har\u0101. The energy is Har\u0101, R\u0101dh\u0101, S\u012bt\u0101.<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"link\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"vanisource:Lecture on SB 2.1.1 -- Los Angeles, July 1, 1970\" href=\"https:\/\/vanisource.org\/wiki\/Lecture_on_SB_2.1.1_--_Los_Angeles,_July_1,_1970?hl=om%20means\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lecture on SB 2.1.1 &#8212; Los Angeles, July 1, 1970<\/a>: <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"text\">\n<p>Gargamuni: Purport. &#8220;V\u0101sudev\u0101ya means to K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, the son of Vasudeva. As by chanting the name of K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, V\u0101sudeva, one can achieve all the good results of charity, austerity, and penances, so by the chanting of this mantra, o\u1e41 namo bhagavate v\u0101sudev\u0101ya, it is to be understood that the author or the speaker or any one of the readers of \u015ar\u012bmad-Bh\u0101gavatam offer respectful obeisances unto the Supreme Lord K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, the reservoir of all pleasure. In the First Canto of \u015ar\u012bmad-Bh\u0101gavatam, the principles of creation are described, and as such the First Canto can be called &#8216;Creation.&#8217; &#8220;<\/p>\n<p>Prabhup\u0101da: So this <span class=\"hlterm\">om means<\/span> addressing the Lord. In the all the Vedic mantras they are addressing. Our this Hare K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a mantra, mah\u0101-mantra, that is also addressing. Hare, Hare, addressing the energy of the Lord, Har\u0101. The energy is Har\u0101, R\u0101dh\u0101, S\u012bt\u0101. So when a female is addressed, it is like that: Hare, Late, S\u012bte, R\u0101dhe. So Hare means addressing first, first of all the energy. The impersonalists, they do not know this, this addressing first of all K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a&#8217;s energy. We Gau\u1e0d\u012bya Vai\u1e63\u1e47avas, we don&#8217;t worship K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a alone, ekala-v\u0101sudeva. No. We must worship K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a along with His energy. Just like K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101rjuna, K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a and Arjuna. Arjuna is also energy, living entity, and K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, R\u0101dh\u0101-K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, His internal energy, and marginal energy. So K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a means with His energy. O\u1e41 namo bhagavate v\u0101sudev\u0101ya. This bhagavate means full of energies. I have several times explained bhagav\u0101n. Bhaga means opulence, and v\u0101n means one who possesses. Bhagav\u0101n. That is the meaning of word bhagav\u0101n. So when this bhagav\u0101n word is addressed, it is addressed as bhagavate. The word is bhagavat, bhagavat-\u015babda. Of course, these are grammatical arrangement. Vat, this affix, is there when it is meant&#8230; Sanskrit, every word, every syllable, has got meaning. That is Sanskrit language. It is not like that &#8220;beauty but, (?) beauty put.&#8221; No. If you say &#8220;beauty but,&#8221; then you must say &#8220;peauty put.&#8221; But in English, &#8220;beauty but, peauty put.&#8221; So in Sanskrit language, you cannot do like that. If you have to follow the rules, then the same rule will go on. So bhagavate address, o\u1e41 namo bhagavate v\u0101sudev\u0101ya. V\u0101sudev\u0101ya. This is the form of, fourth form of, \u015babda, sound vibration, fourth form. Just like k\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101ya. When I offer something, k\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101ya, vi\u1e63\u1e47ave. Similarly, bhagavate, v\u0101sudev\u0101ya.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"Initiation_Lectures\" class=\"sub_section\">\n<h3><span id=\"Initiation_Lectures\" class=\"mw-headline\">Initiation Lectures<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"TalkInitiationLectureandTenOffensesLectureLosAngelesDecember11968_0\" class=\"quote\">\n<div class=\"heading\">O\u1e41 means addressing the Absolute, and nama\u1e25 means &#8220;I am surrendering.&#8221; Every Vedic mantra is begun om nama\u1e25. O\u1e41 means addressing.<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"link\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"vanisource:Talk, Initiation Lecture, and Ten Offenses Lecture -- Los Angeles, December 1, 1968\" href=\"https:\/\/vanisource.org\/wiki\/Talk,_Initiation_Lecture,_and_Ten_Offenses_Lecture_--_Los_Angeles,_December_1,_1968?hl=O%E1%B9%81%20means\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Talk, Initiation Lecture, and Ten Offenses Lecture &#8212; Los Angeles, December 1, 1968<\/a>: <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"text\">Now do it again like that. Keep there.nama apavitra\u1e25 pavitra v\u0101sarv\u0101vasth\u0101\u1e41 gato &#8216;pi v\u0101ya\u1e25 smaret pu\u1e47\u1e0dar\u012bk\u0101k\u1e63a\u1e41sa bahy\u0101bhyantara\u1e25 \u015buci\u1e25\u015br\u012b vi\u1e63\u1e47u \u015br\u012b vi\u1e63\u1e47u \u015br\u012b vi\u1e63\u1e47uDo it again. (repeats mantra again)<\/p>\n<p>Now the purport of this mantra I have several times explained, again explaining. Nama\u1e25. Nama\u1e25 means surrender. Nama\u1e25 om nama\u1e25, this is the way of chanting Vedic mantra. <span class=\"hlterm\">O\u1e41 means<\/span> addressing the Absolute, and nama\u1e25 means &#8220;I am surrendering.&#8221; Every Vedic mantra is begun om nama\u1e25. <span class=\"hlterm\">O\u1e41 means<\/span> addressing. So this mantra is chanted with surrender, nama\u1e25. Nothing can be done without surrender because our, this conditional life is rebellious life. We have rebelled against the supremacy of the Personality of Godhead. That is conditioned life. There are so many theses to support this rebellious condition. Somebody is thinking that &#8220;I am one with God&#8221;; somebody is thinking, &#8220;God is dead&#8221;; somebody is thinking, &#8220;There is no God&#8221;; somebody is thinking, &#8220;Why you are searching God? There are so many Gods loitering in the street.&#8221; So in this way many theses are there. All of them are different symptoms of rebellious condition. The sum and substance&#8230; Just like atheists, they are boldly saying, &#8220;There is no God.&#8221; Now&#8230;, but the impersonalists saying, &#8220;There may be God, but He has no head, He has no tail. That&#8217;s all.&#8221; So in this way our condition is rebellious condition. Therefore Bhagavad-g\u012bt\u0101 instructs that &#8220;You surrender.&#8221; Sarva-dharm\u0101n parityajya m\u0101m eka\u1e41 \u015bara\u1e47a\u1e41 vraja (<a class=\"extiw\" title=\"vanisource:BG 18.66 (1972)\" href=\"https:\/\/vanisource.org\/wiki\/BG_18.66_(1972)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">BG 18.66<\/a>). So without surrender, there is no question of making any spiritual progress. Just like a person who has rebelled against the government\u2014the first condition is to surrender; otherwise there is no question of mercy from the government. Similarly anyone, the living entity, any one of us who has rebelled against the supremacy of the Lord, the beginning of spiritual life is surrender.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"Conversations_and_Morning_Walks\" class=\"section\">\n<h2><span id=\"Conversations_and_Morning_Walks\" class=\"mw-headline\">Conversations and Morning Walks<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"1974_Conversations_and_Morning_Walks\" class=\"sub_section\">\n<h3><span id=\"1974_Conversations_and_Morning_Walks\" class=\"mw-headline\">1974 Conversations and Morning Walks<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"MorningWalkApril11974Bombay_0\" class=\"quote\">\n<div class=\"heading\">O\u1e41 means K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a.<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"link\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"vanisource:Morning Walk -- April 1, 1974, Bombay\" href=\"https:\/\/vanisource.org\/wiki\/Morning_Walk_--_April_1,_1974,_Bombay?hl=o%E1%B9%81%20means\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Morning Walk &#8212; April 1, 1974, Bombay<\/a>: <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"text\">\n<p>Prabhup\u0101da: K\u0101la, k\u0101la-sarpa means the dead(ly) poisonous snake, k\u0101la-sarpa-pa\u1e6dal\u012b. Everyone knows. As soon as you use some indriya, there is some dangerous result. T\u1e5bpyanti neha k\u1e5bpan\u0101 bahu-du\u1e25kha-bh\u0101ja\u1e25 (<a class=\"extiw\" title=\"vanisource:SB 7.9.45\" href=\"https:\/\/vanisource.org\/wiki\/SB_7.9.45\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">SB 7.9.45<\/a>). Take for&#8230; (break)<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Patel: O\u1e41 is God.<\/p>\n<p>Prabhup\u0101da: O\u1e41, yes. K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a says, pra\u1e47ava\u1e25 sarva-vede\u1e63u. Pra\u1e47ava\u1e25 sarva-vede\u1e63u.<\/p>\n<p>Chandobhai: That is o\u1e41 in that way.<\/p>\n<p>Prabhup\u0101da: Because <span class=\"hlterm\">o\u1e41 means<\/span> K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a. That is m\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Patel: I told you.<\/p>\n<p>Prabhup\u0101da: When one chanting o\u1e41, if he remembers just the o\u1e41 is K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, then he&#8217;s successful. M\u0101m. O\u1e41 ity ek\u0101k\u1e63ara\u1e41&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Chandobhai: O\u1e41 ity ek\u0101k\u1e63ara\u1e41 brahma.<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Patel: It is ek\u0101k\u1e63ara Brahman.<\/p>\n<p>Chandobhai: Vy\u0101haran m\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>Prabhup\u0101da: Vy\u0101haran m\u0101m. If he knows&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Patel: Vy\u0101haran m\u0101m anusmara (<a class=\"extiw\" title=\"vanisource:BG 8.7 (1972)\" href=\"https:\/\/vanisource.org\/wiki\/BG_8.7_(1972)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">BG 8.7<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Prabhup\u0101da: Anusmara. If he knows that o\u1e41k\u0101ra is K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, then he&#8217;s successful. If he thinks that o\u1e41k\u0101ra is something else than K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a, then he&#8217;s not successful.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"printfooter\">Retrieved from &#8220;<a dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/vaniquotes.org\/w\/index.php?title=Om_means&amp;oldid=782634\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/vaniquotes.org\/w\/index.php?title=Om_means&amp;oldid=782634<\/a>&#8220;<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear_both\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"group\">\n<div id=\"catlinks\" class=\"catlinks\" data-mw=\"interface\">\n<div id=\"mw-normal-catlinks\" class=\"mw-normal-catlinks\"><a title=\"Special:Categories\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Special:Categories\">Categories<\/a>:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<h1 id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">#Om #Omkara #Pranava<\/h1>\n<h1 lang=\"en\">\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1 lang=\"en\">\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1 class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Om<\/h1>\n<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n<div id=\"siteSub\" class=\"noprint\">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<\/div>\n<div id=\"contentSub\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div id=\"jump-to-nav\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"mw-jump-link\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#mw-head\">Jump to navigation<\/a><a class=\"mw-jump-link\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#p-search\">Jump to search<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">This article is about the sacred sound and spiritual icon in Hindu religion. For movies and other uses, see <a class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Aum (disambiguation)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Aum_(disambiguation)\">Aum (disambiguation)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_symbol.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/220px-Om_symbol.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/330px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/440px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"227\" data-file-width=\"356\" data-file-height=\"367\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>The &#8220;Om&#8221; symbol in <a title=\"Devanagari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Devanagari\">Devanagari<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"metadata mbox-small noprint selfref\" role=\"presentation\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mbox-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/39\/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg\/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/39\/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg\/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/39\/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg\/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"40\" height=\"19\" data-file-width=\"58\" data-file-height=\"28\" \/><\/td>\n<td class=\"mbox-text plainlist\"><b>This article contains <a title=\"Brahmic scripts\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahmic_scripts\">Indic text<\/a>.<\/b>Without proper <a title=\"Help:Multilingual support (Indic)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)\">rendering support<\/a>, you may see <a title=\"Mojibake\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mojibake\">question marks or boxes<\/a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Om<\/b> (<span class=\"unicode haudio\"><span class=\"fn\"><a title=\"About this sound\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_pro.ogg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Loudspeaker.svg\/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Loudspeaker.svg\/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Loudspeaker.svg\/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"About this sound\" width=\"11\" height=\"11\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" \/><\/a><a class=\"internal\" title=\"Om pro.ogg\" href=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/94\/Om_pro.ogg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">listen<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<small class=\"metadata audiolinkinfo\">(<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Wikipedia:Media help\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Media_help\">help<\/a>\u00b7<a title=\"File:Om pro.ogg\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_pro.ogg\">info<\/a>)<\/small><\/span>, <a title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration\">IAST<\/a>: <i>O\u1e43<\/i>, <a title=\"Devanagari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Devanagari\">Devanagari<\/a>: <span class=\"Unicode\">\u0950<\/span>, <a title=\"Tamil script\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tamil_script\">Tamil<\/a>: \u0bd0, <a title=\"Kannada\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Kannada\">Kannada<\/a>: \u0c93\u0c82), also written as &#8216;Aum&#8217;, is the most sacred syllable, symbol, or mantra in <a title=\"Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hinduism\">Hinduism<\/a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> that signifies the essence of the ultimate reality, consciousness or <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atman (Hinduism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Atman_(Hinduism)\">Atman<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-james482_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-james482-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Holdrege1996_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-Holdrege1996-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> The Om sound is the primordial sound, and is called the Shabda-Brahman (<a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a> as sound).<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> It is a syllable that is chanted either independently or before a mantra.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-lipner_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-lipner-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> It is also found in <a title=\"Jainism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Jainism\">Jainism<\/a>, <a title=\"Buddhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Buddhism\">Buddhism<\/a>, and <a title=\"Sikhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sikhism\">Sikhism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Om is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts, temples, monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> The symbol has a spiritual meaning in all Indian <a title=\"Dharma\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Dharma\">dharmas<\/a>, but the meaning and connotations of <i>Om<\/i> vary between the diverse schools within and across the various traditions.<\/p>\n<p>In <a title=\"Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hinduism\">Hinduism<\/a>, Om is one of the most important spiritual sounds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wilke435_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-wilke435-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> It refers to <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atman (Hinduism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Atman_(Hinduism)\">Atman<\/a> (soul, self within) and <a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a> (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge).<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-annette_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-annette-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the <a title=\"Vedas\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vedas\">Vedas<\/a>, the <a title=\"Upanishads\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Upanishads\">Upanishads<\/a>, and other <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hindu text\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hindu_text\">Hindu texts<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-annette_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-annette-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> It is a sacred spiritual incantation made before and during the recitation of spiritual texts, during <a title=\"Puja (Hinduism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Puja_(Hinduism)\">puja<\/a> and private prayers, in ceremonies of rites of passages (<a title=\"Sanskara (rite of passage)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)\">sanskara<\/a>) such as weddings, and sometimes during meditative and spiritual activities such as <a title=\"Yoga\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Yoga\">Yoga<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The syllable <i>Om<\/i> is also referred to as <b>onkara<\/b> (\u0913\u0919\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930, <i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">o\u1e45k\u0101ra<\/i><\/i>), <b>omkara<\/b> (\u0913\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930, <i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">o\u1e43k\u0101ra<\/i><\/i>), and <b>pranava<\/b> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0935, <i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">pra\u1e47ava<\/i><\/i>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Misra2018_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-Misra2018-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\">\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2>Contents<\/h2>\n<p><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"><\/label><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Origin_and_meaning\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Origin and meaning<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Written_representation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Written representation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Hinduism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Hinduism<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Upanishads\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Upanishads<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Chandogya_Upanishad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Chandogya Upanishad<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Katha_Upanishad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Katha Upanishad<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Maitri_Upanishad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Maitri Upanishad<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Mundaka_Upanishad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Mundaka Upanishad<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Mandukya_Upanishad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.5<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Mandukya Upanishad<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Shvetashvatara_Upanishad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.6<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Shvetashvatara Upanishad<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Aitareya_Aranyaka\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.7<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Aitareya Aranyaka<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Bhagavad_Gita\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Bhagavad Gita<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Yoga_Sutra\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Yoga Sutra<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Puranas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Puranas<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Jainism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Jainism<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Buddhism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Buddhism<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Tibetan_Buddhism_(Vajrayana)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Ni%C5%8D_guardian_kings_and_Komainu_lion-dogs\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Ni\u014d guardian kings and Komainu lion-dogs<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Sikhism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Sikhism<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Modern_reception\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Modern reception<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Notes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Notes<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">References<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-23\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#Sources\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-24\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#External_links_and_further_reading\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">11<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">External links and further reading<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Origin_and_meaning\" class=\"mw-headline\">Origin and meaning<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The syllable <i>Om<\/i> is referred to as <i>pra\u1e47ava<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> Other used terms are <i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\"><a title=\"Sanskrit grammar\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sanskrit_grammar\">ak\u1e63ara<\/a><\/i><\/i> (literally, letter of the alphabet, imperishable, immutable) or <i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">ek\u0101k\u1e63ara<\/i><\/i> (one letter of the alphabet), and <i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">omk\u0101ra<\/i><\/i> (literally, beginning, female divine energy).<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> <i>Udgitha<\/i>, a word found in Sama Veda and <i>bhasya<\/i> (commentaries) based on it, is also used as a name of the syllable.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> The word has three <a title=\"Phoneme\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Phoneme\">phonemes<\/a>: &#8220;a-u-m&#8221;,<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup> though it is often described as <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Trisyllabic\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Trisyllabic\">trisyllabic<\/a> despite this being either archaic or the result of translation.<\/p>\n<p>The syllable <i>Om<\/i> is first mentioned in the <a title=\"Upanishads\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Upanishads\">Upanishads<\/a>, the mystical texts associated with the <a title=\"Vedanta\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vedanta\">Vedanta<\/a> philosophy. It has variously been associated with concepts of &#8220;cosmic sound&#8221; or &#8220;mystical syllable&#8221; or &#8220;affirmation to something divine&#8221;, or as symbolism for abstract spiritual concepts in the Upanishads.<sup id=\"cite_ref-annette_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-annette-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> In the <a title=\"Aranyaka\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Aranyaka\">Aranyaka<\/a> and the <a title=\"Brahmana\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahmana\">Brahmana<\/a> layers of Vedic texts, the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge, that it stands for the &#8220;whole of Veda&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-annette_14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-annette-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The etymological foundations of <i>Om<\/i> are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the Vedantic texts (the early Upanishads).<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup> The <a title=\"Aitareya Brahmana\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Aitareya_Brahmana\">Aitareya Brahmana<\/a> of Rig Veda, in section 5.32, for example suggests that the three phonetic components of <i>Om<\/i> (pronounced <i>AUM<\/i>) correspond to the three stages of cosmic creation, and when it is read or said, it celebrates the creative powers of the universe.<sup id=\"cite_ref-annette_14-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-annette-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup> The Brahmana layer of Vedic texts equate <i>Om<\/i> with <i>Bhur-bhuvah-Svah<\/i>, the latter symbolizing &#8220;the whole Veda&#8221;. They offer various shades of meaning to <i>Om<\/i>, such as it being &#8220;the universe beyond the sun&#8221;, or that which is &#8220;mysterious and inexhaustible&#8221;, or &#8220;the infinite language, the infinite knowledge&#8221;, or &#8220;essence of breath, life, everything that exists&#8221;, or that &#8220;with which one is liberated&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-annette_14-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-annette-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> The <a title=\"Samaveda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Samaveda\">Sama Veda<\/a>, the poetical Veda, orthographically maps <i>Om<\/i> to the audible, the musical truths in its numerous variations (<i>Oum<\/i>, <i>Aum<\/i>, <i>Ov\u0101 Ov\u0101 Ov\u0101 Um<\/i>, etc.) and then attempts to extract musical meters from it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-annette_14-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-annette-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The syllable <i>Om<\/i> evolves to mean many abstract ideas in the earliest Upanishads. <a title=\"Max M\u00fcller\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Max_M%C3%BCller\">Max M\u00fcller<\/a> and other scholars state that these philosophical texts recommend <i>Om<\/i> as a &#8220;tool for meditation&#8221;, explain various meanings that the syllable may be in the mind of one meditating, ranging from &#8220;artificial and senseless&#8221; to &#8220;highest concepts such as the cause of the Universe, essence of life, Brahman, Atman, and Self-knowledge&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-deussenmeaningofom_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-deussenmeaningofom-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Written_representation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Written representation<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Phonological\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Phonological\">Phonologically<\/a>, the syllable \u0913\u092e\u094d represents <span class=\"IPA\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/aum\/<\/span>, which is regularly <a title=\"Monophthong\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Monophthong\">monophthongised<\/a> to <span class=\"IPA\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u00f5\u02d0]<\/span> in <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sanskrit phonology\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sanskrit_phonology\">Sanskrit phonology<\/a>. When occurring within spoken Sanskrit, the syllable is subject to the normal rules of <a title=\"Sandhi\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sandhi\">sandhi<\/a> in <a title=\"Sanskrit grammar\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sanskrit_grammar\">Sanskrit grammar<\/a>, however with the additional peculiarity that after preceding <i>a<\/i> or <i>\u0101<\/i>, the <i>au<\/i> of <i>aum<\/i> does not form <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vriddhi\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vriddhi\">vriddhi<\/a> (<i>au<\/i>) but <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Guna\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Guna\">guna<\/a> (<i>o<\/i>) per <a title=\"P\u0101\u1e47ini\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini\">P\u0101\u1e47ini<\/a> 6.1.95 (i.e. &#8216;om&#8217;). It is sometimes also written \u0913\u0969\u092e\u094d (<i>\u014d\u0304m<\/i> <small><\/small><span class=\"IPA\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\"><a title=\"Help:IPA\/Sanskrit\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Sanskrit\">[\u00f5\u02d0\u02d0m]<\/a><\/span>), notably by <a title=\"Arya Samaj\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Arya_Samaj\">Arya Samaj<\/a>, where \u0969 (i.e., the digit &#8220;3&#8221;) is <i><a title=\"Pluti\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pluti\">pluta<\/a><\/i> (&#8220;three times as long&#8221;), <a title=\"Pluti\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pluti\">indicating a length<\/a> of three <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Morae\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Morae\">morae<\/a> (that is, the time it takes to say three syllables) \u2014 an <a title=\"Vowel length\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vowel_length\">overlong<\/a> <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nasalised\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Nasalised\">nasalised<\/a> <a title=\"Close-mid back rounded vowel\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel\">close-mid back rounded vowel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <i>Om<\/i> symbol <a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Aum.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Aum.svg\/20px-Aum.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Aum.svg\/30px-Aum.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Aum.svg\/40px-Aum.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"Aum.svg\" width=\"20\" height=\"17\" data-file-width=\"242\" data-file-height=\"201\" \/><\/a> is a <a title=\"Typographic ligature\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Typographic_ligature\">ligature<\/a> in <a title=\"Devanagari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Devanagari\">Devanagari<\/a>, combining \u0913 (<i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">au<\/i><\/i>) and <a title=\"Chandrabindu\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Chandrabindu\">chandrabindu<\/a> (<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0901\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/%E0%A4%81\">\u0901<\/a>, <i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">\u1e43<\/i><\/i>). In <a title=\"Unicode\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Unicode\">Unicode<\/a>, the symbol is encoded at <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"monospaced\">U+0950<\/span><\/span> \u0950 <span class=\"smallcaps\">DEVANAGARI OM<\/span> and at <span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"monospaced\">U+1F549<\/span><\/span> \ud83d\udd49 <span class=\"smallcaps\">OM SYMBOL<\/span>(&#8220;generic symbol independent of Devanagari font&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>The <i>Om<\/i> or <i>Aum<\/i> symbol is found on ancient coins, in regional scripts. In <a title=\"Sri Lanka\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sri_Lanka\">Sri Lanka<\/a>, <a title=\"Anuradhapura Kingdom\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Anuradhapura_Kingdom\">Anuradhapura era<\/a> coins (dated from the 1st to 4th centuries) are embossed with <i>Aum<\/i> along with other symbols.<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup> <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nagari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Nagari\">Nagari<\/a> or <a title=\"Devanagari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Devanagari\">Devanagari<\/a> representations are found epigraphically on medieval sculpture, such as the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Dancing Shiva\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Dancing_Shiva\">dancing Shiva<\/a> (ca. 10th to 12th century); <a title=\"Joseph Campbell\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Joseph_Campbell\">Joseph Campbell<\/a> (1949) even argued that the dance posture itself can be taken to represent <i>AUM<\/i> as a symbol of the entirety of &#8220;consciousness, universe&#8221; and &#8220;the message that God is within a person and without&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The <i>Om<\/i> symbol, with <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Epigraphic\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Epigraphic\">epigraphical<\/a> variations, is also found in many <a title=\"Southeast Asia\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Southeast_Asia\">southeast Asian<\/a> countries. For example, it is called <i>Unalom<\/i> or <i>Aum<\/i> in <a title=\"Thailand\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Thailand\">Thailand<\/a> and has been a part of various flags and official emblems such as in the <a title=\"Royal Standard of Thailand\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Royal_Standard_of_Thailand#Fourth_reign\">Thong Chom Klao<\/a> of <a title=\"Mongkut\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mongkut\">King Rama IV<\/a> (r. 1851\u20131868).<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup> The <a title=\"Cambodia\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Cambodia\">Cambodian<\/a> official seal has similarly incorporated the <i>Aum<\/i> symbol.<sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup> In <a title=\"Traditional Chinese characters\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Traditional_Chinese_characters\">traditional Chinese characters<\/a>, it is written as <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u5535\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E5%94%B5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u5535<\/a> (<a title=\"Pinyin\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pinyin\">pinyin<\/a> \u2013 \u01cen), and as <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u55e1\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E5%97%A1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u55e1<\/a> (pinyin \u2013 w\u0113ng) in <a title=\"Simplified Chinese characters\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Simplified_Chinese_characters\">simplified Chinese characters<\/a>.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\">[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>There have been proposals that the <i>Om<\/i> syllable may already have had written representations in <a title=\"Brahmi script\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahmi_script\">Brahmi script<\/a>, dating to before the Common Era. A proposal by Deb (1848) held that the <i><a title=\"Swastika\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Swastika\">swastika<\/a><\/i> is &#8220;a <a title=\"Monogram\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Monogram\">monogrammatic<\/a> representation of the syllable Om, wherein two Brahmi \/o\/ characters (<span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"monospaced\">U+11011<\/span><\/span> \ud804\udc11 <span class=\"smallcaps\">BRAHMI LETTER O<\/span>) were superposed crosswise and the &#8216;m&#8217; was represented by dot&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup> A commentary in <i><a title=\"Nature (journal)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Nature_(journal)\">Nature<\/a><\/i> considers this theory questionable and unproven.<sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup> Roy (2011) proposed that <i>Om<\/i> was represented using the Brahmi symbols for &#8220;A&#8221;, &#8220;U&#8221; and &#8220;M&#8221; (\ud804\udc05\u2009\ud804\udc09\u2009\ud804\udc2b), and that this may have influenced the unusual <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Epigraphic\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Epigraphic\">epigraphical<\/a> features of the symbol \u0950 for <i>Om<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center\">\n<div class=\"title\">\n<div><i>Om<\/i> in various scripts<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"main\">\n<div>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images\">\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_symbol.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/97px-Om_symbol.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/145px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/194px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"356\" data-file-height=\"367\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>in <a title=\"Devanagari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Devanagari\">Devanagari<\/a>, <a title=\"Gujarati alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Gujarati_alphabet\">Gujarati<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sourashtri\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sourashtri\">Sourashtri<\/a> &amp; <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Modi alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Modi_alphabet\">Historical Marathi Script (Modi)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_symbol.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Om_symbol.gif\/100px-Om_symbol.gif\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Om_symbol.gif\/150px-Om_symbol.gif 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/47\/Om_symbol.gif 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"99\" data-file-width=\"196\" data-file-height=\"195\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>(<a title=\"Assamese alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Assamese_alphabet\">Assamese<\/a>, <a title=\"Bengali alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Bengali_alphabet\">Bengali<\/a>, <a title=\"Odia alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Odia_alphabet\">Odia<\/a>)<sup id=\"cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-43\">[a]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:O3m_AryaSamaj.PNG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/O3m_AryaSamaj.PNG\/100px-O3m_AryaSamaj.PNG\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/O3m_AryaSamaj.PNG\/150px-O3m_AryaSamaj.PNG 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/O3m_AryaSamaj.PNG\/200px-O3m_AryaSamaj.PNG 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"64\" data-file-width=\"670\" data-file-height=\"429\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Arya Samaj\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Arya_Samaj\">Arya Samaj<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Tamil_Om.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/60\/Tamil_Om.svg\/100px-Tamil_Om.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/60\/Tamil_Om.svg\/150px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/60\/Tamil_Om.svg\/200px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Tamil script\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tamil_script\">Tamil<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-44\">[b]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Aum_or_Om_Tirhuta.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/d4\/Aum_or_Om_Tirhuta.png\/97px-Aum_or_Om_Tirhuta.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/d4\/Aum_or_Om_Tirhuta.png\/145px-Aum_or_Om_Tirhuta.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/d\/d4\/Aum_or_Om_Tirhuta.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"168\" data-file-height=\"174\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Tirhuta\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tirhuta\">Tirhuta or Mithilakshar<\/a> (<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Maithili Language\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Maithili_Language\">Maithili<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Kannada_OM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Kannada_OM.png\/100px-Kannada_OM.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Kannada_OM.png\/150px-Kannada_OM.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Kannada_OM.png\/200px-Kannada_OM.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"71\" data-file-width=\"240\" data-file-height=\"170\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Kannada alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Kannada_alphabet\">Kannada<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-NoteA_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-NoteA-45\">[c]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_in_telugu.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/Om_in_telugu.png\/100px-Om_in_telugu.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/56\/Om_in_telugu.png 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"69\" data-file-width=\"137\" data-file-height=\"94\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Telugu alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Telugu_alphabet\">Telugu<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-NoteA_45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-NoteA-45\">[c]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Ohm_Malayalam.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Ohm_Malayalam.png\/100px-Ohm_Malayalam.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Ohm_Malayalam.png\/150px-Ohm_Malayalam.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Ohm_Malayalam.png\/200px-Ohm_Malayalam.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"75\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"480\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Malayalam script\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Malayalam_script\">Malayalam<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-46\">[d]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Grantha.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Grantha.jpg\/100px-Grantha.jpg\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Grantha.jpg\/150px-Grantha.jpg 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/Grantha.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"95\" data-file-width=\"177\" data-file-height=\"169\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Grantha alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Grantha_alphabet\">Grantha<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-47\">[e]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:The_letter_Om,_in_Siddham_script.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a6\/The_letter_Om%2C_in_Siddham_script.png\/100px-The_letter_Om%2C_in_Siddham_script.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/The_letter_Om%2C_in_Siddham_script.png 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"130\" data-file-height=\"130\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Siddha\u1e43 script\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script\">Siddham<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-48\">[f]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg\/80px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg\/120px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg\/160px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"167\" data-file-height=\"208\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Jain symbols\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Jain_symbols\">Jain symbol<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_cinese.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a7\/Om_cinese.JPG\/100px-Om_cinese.JPG\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a7\/Om_cinese.JPG 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"92\" data-file-width=\"134\" data-file-height=\"123\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Written Chinese\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Written_Chinese\">Chinese<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-49\">[g]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:TibAum.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/66\/TibAum.png\/86px-TibAum.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/TibAum.png 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"86\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"120\" data-file-height=\"140\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Tibetan alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tibetan_alphabet\">Tibetan<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-50\">[h]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Bali_Omkara_Red.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Bali_Omkara_Red.png\/75px-Bali_Omkara_Red.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Bali_Omkara_Red.png\/112px-Bali_Omkara_Red.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Bali_Omkara_Red.png\/150px-Bali_Omkara_Red.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"200\" data-file-height=\"267\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Balinese alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Balinese_alphabet\">Balinese<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-51\">[i]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Simbol_aum.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/de\/Simbol_aum.png\/60px-Simbol_aum.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/de\/Simbol_aum.png\/90px-Simbol_aum.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/de\/Simbol_aum.png\/120px-Simbol_aum.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"162\" data-file-height=\"269\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Javanese script\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Javanese_script\">Javanese<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-52\">[j]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"thumb\">\n<div><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Ekonkar.normal.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/86\/Ekonkar.normal.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"80\" data-file-height=\"80\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p><a title=\"Gurmukhi\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Gurmukhi\">Gurmukhi<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-53\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-53\">[k]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Hinduism\" class=\"mw-headline\">Hinduism<\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"vertical-navbox nowraplinks\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Part of <a title=\"Category:Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Category:Hinduism\">a series<\/a> on<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th><a title=\"Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hinduism\">Hinduism<\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a title=\"Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hinduism\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Om_symbol.svg\/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"Om symbol.svg\" width=\"100\" height=\"103\" data-file-width=\"356\" data-file-height=\"367\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"hlist\">\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Hindus\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hindus\">Hindus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"History of Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/History_of_Hinduism\">History<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame1\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\"><a title=\"Hindu philosophy\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hindu_philosophy\">Concepts<\/a><a id=\"NavToggle1\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame2\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\"><a title=\"Hindu philosophy\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hindu_philosophy\">Schools<\/a><a id=\"NavToggle2\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame3\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\"><a title=\"Hindu deities\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hindu_deities\">Deities<\/a><a id=\"NavToggle3\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame4\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\"><a title=\"Hindu texts\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Hindu_texts\">Texts<\/a><a id=\"NavToggle4\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame5\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\">Practices<a id=\"NavToggle5\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame6\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\"><a title=\"List of Hindu gurus and sants\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants\">Gurus, sants, philosophers<\/a><a id=\"NavToggle6\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame7\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\">Society<a id=\"NavToggle7\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<div id=\"NavFrame8\" class=\"NavFrame collapsed\">\n<div class=\"NavHead\"><a title=\"Portal:Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Portal:Hinduism\">Other topics<\/a><a id=\"NavToggle8\" class=\"NavToggle\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#\">[show]<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"plainlist\">\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Glossary of Hinduism terms\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms\">Glossary of Hinduism terms<\/a><\/li>\n<li><i><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Aum_Om_red.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"noviewer\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/67\/Aum_Om_red.svg\/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/67\/Aum_Om_red.svg\/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/67\/Aum_Om_red.svg\/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"Aum Om red.svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" data-file-width=\"356\" data-file-height=\"367\" \/><\/a> <a title=\"Portal:Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Portal:Hinduism\">Hinduism portal<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"nv-view\"><a title=\"Template:Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Template:Hinduism\"><abbr title=\"View this template\">v<\/abbr><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nv-talk\"><a title=\"Template talk:Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Template_talk:Hinduism\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\">t<\/abbr><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"file:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Hinduism&amp;action=edit\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\">e<\/abbr><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg\/300px-Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg\/450px-Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg\/600px-Om_Symbol_at_Kanaka_Durga_Temple.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" data-file-width=\"3456\" data-file-height=\"2304\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>Om Symbol at Kanaka Durga Temple, Vijayawada<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><i>Om<\/i> came to be used as a standard utterance at the beginning of <a title=\"Mantra\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mantra\">mantras<\/a>, chants or citations taken from the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Veda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Veda\">Vedas<\/a>. For example, the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gayatri mantra\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Gayatri_mantra\">Gayatri mantra<\/a>, which consists of a verse from the <a title=\"Rigveda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Rigveda\">Rigveda<\/a> Samhita (<a title=\"Mandala 3\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mandala_3\">RV 3<\/a>.62.10), is prefixed not just by <i>Om<\/i> but by <i>Om<\/i> followed by the formula <i>bh\u016br bhuva\u1e25 sva\u1e25<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mmwpage17_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-mmwpage17-54\">[43]<\/a><\/sup> Such recitations continue to be in use in Hinduism, with many major incantations and ceremonial functions beginning and ending with <i>Om<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-lipner_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-lipner-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> <a title=\"Swami Maheshwarananda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Swami_Maheshwarananda\">Maheshwarananda<\/a> (2002) suggests that the Om reflects the cosmological beliefs in Hinduism, as the primordial sound associated with the creation of universe from nothing.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mahesh_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-Mahesh-55\">[44]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Upanishads\" class=\"mw-headline\">Upanishads<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The syllable &#8220;Om&#8221; is described with various meanings in the <a title=\"Upanishads\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Upanishads\">Upanishads<\/a>. Descriptions include &#8220;the sacred sound, the Yes!, the Vedas, the <i>Udgitha<\/i> (song of the universe), the infinite, the all encompassing, the whole world, the truth, the ultimate reality, the finest essence, the cause of the Universe, the essence of life, the <a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a>, the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atman (Hinduism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Atman_(Hinduism)\">Atman<\/a>, the vehicle of deepest knowledge, and Self-knowledge&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-deussenmeaningofom_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-deussenmeaningofom-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Chandogya_Upanishad\" class=\"mw-headline\">Chandogya Upanishad<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg\/270px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg\/405px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg\/540px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"262\" data-file-width=\"1161\" data-file-height=\"1125\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tsingle\">\n<div class=\"thumbimage\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Aum_Art_on_Proceilin_at_Jyoti_Mandir_-_at_Satyanand_Yoga_Rocklyn_Ashram,_Australia.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Aum_Art_on_Proceilin_at_Jyoti_Mandir_-_at_Satyanand_Yoga_Rocklyn_Ashram%2C_Australia.jpg\/270px-Aum_Art_on_Proceilin_at_Jyoti_Mandir_-_at_Satyanand_Yoga_Rocklyn_Ashram%2C_Australia.jpg\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Aum_Art_on_Proceilin_at_Jyoti_Mandir_-_at_Satyanand_Yoga_Rocklyn_Ashram%2C_Australia.jpg\/405px-Aum_Art_on_Proceilin_at_Jyoti_Mandir_-_at_Satyanand_Yoga_Rocklyn_Ashram%2C_Australia.jpg 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Aum_Art_on_Proceilin_at_Jyoti_Mandir_-_at_Satyanand_Yoga_Rocklyn_Ashram%2C_Australia.jpg\/540px-Aum_Art_on_Proceilin_at_Jyoti_Mandir_-_at_Satyanand_Yoga_Rocklyn_Ashram%2C_Australia.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"203\" data-file-width=\"2560\" data-file-height=\"1920\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\"><i>Om<\/i> is a common symbol found in the ancient texts of Hinduism, such as in the first line of Rig veda (top), as well as an icon in temples and spiritual retreats.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The <a title=\"Chandogya Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Chandogya_Upanishad\">Chandogya Upanishad<\/a> is one of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism. It opens with the recommendation that &#8220;let a man meditate on Om&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller11_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller11-56\">[45]<\/a><\/sup> It calls the syllable Om as <i>udgitha<\/i> (\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0925, song, chant), and asserts that the significance of the syllable is thus: the essence of all beings is earth, the essence of earth is water, the essence of water are the plants, the essence of plants is man, the essence of man is speech, the essence of speech is the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rig Veda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Rig_Veda\">Rig Veda<\/a>, the essence of the Rig Veda is the Sama Veda, and the essence of Sama Veda is the <i>udgitha<\/i> (song, <i>Om<\/i>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussen11_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussen11-57\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><i>Rik<\/i> (\u090b\u091a\u094d, \u1e5ac) is speech, states the text, and <i>S\u0101man<\/i> (\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u094d) is breath; they are pairs, and because they have love for each other, speech and breath find themselves together and mate to produce a song.<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller11_56-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller11-56\">[45]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussen11_57-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussen11-57\">[46]<\/a><\/sup> The highest song is Om, asserts section 1.1 of Chandogya Upanishad. It is the symbol of awe, of reverence, of threefold knowledge because <i>Adhvaryu<\/i> invokes it, the <i>Hotr<\/i> recites it, and <i>Udgatr<\/i> sings it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussen11_57-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussen11-57\">[46]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185-58\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The second volume of the first chapter continues its discussion of syllable <i>Om<\/i>, explaining its use as a struggle between <i>Devas<\/i> (gods) and <i>Asuras<\/i>(demons).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussen12_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussen12-59\">[48]<\/a><\/sup> Max Muller states that this struggle between gods and demons is considered allegorical by ancient <a title=\"Indian people\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Indian_people\">Indian<\/a> scholars, as good and evil inclinations within man, respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller12_60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller12-60\">[49]<\/a><\/sup> The legend in section 1.2 of Chandogya Upanishad states that gods took the <i>Udgitha<\/i> (song of <i>Om<\/i>) unto themselves, thinking, &#8220;with this <i>song<\/i> we shall overcome the demons&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hume12_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-hume12-61\">[50]<\/a><\/sup> The syllable <i>Om<\/i> is thus implied as that which inspires the good inclinations within each person.<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller12_60-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller12-60\">[49]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-hume12_61-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-hume12-61\">[50]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Chandogya Upanishad&#8217;s exposition of syllable <i>Om<\/i> in its opening chapter combines etymological speculations, symbolism, metric structure and philosophical themes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185_58-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_2014_page_171-185-58\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-62\">[51]<\/a><\/sup> In the second chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad, the meaning and significance of <i>Om<\/i> evolves into a philosophical discourse, such as in section 2.10 where <i>Om<\/i> is linked to the Highest Self,<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-63\">[52]<\/a><\/sup> and section 2.23 where the text asserts <i>Om<\/i> is the essence of three forms of knowledge, <i>Om<\/i> is <a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a> and &#8220;Om is all this [observed world]&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-64\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Katha_Upanishad\" class=\"mw-headline\">Katha Upanishad<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Katha Upanishad is the legendary story of a little boy, <a title=\"Nachiketa\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Nachiketa\">Nachiketa<\/a> \u2013 the son of sage Vajasravasa \u2013 who meets <a title=\"Yama\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Yama\">Yama<\/a>, the Indian deity of death. Their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of man, knowledge, <a title=\"\u0100tman (Hinduism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)\">Atman<\/a> (Soul, Self) and <a title=\"Moksha\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Moksha\">moksha<\/a> (liberation).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-65\">[54]<\/a><\/sup> In section 1.2, Katha Upanishad characterizes Knowledge\/Wisdom as the pursuit of good, and Ignorance\/Delusion as the pursuit of pleasant,<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller121_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller121-66\">[55]<\/a><\/sup> that the essence of Veda is to make man liberated and free, look past what has happened and what has not happened, free from the past and the future, beyond good and evil, and one word for this essence is the word <i>Om<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussen1214_67-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussen1214-67\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<div class=\"poem\">\n<p>The word which all the Vedas proclaim,<br \/>\nThat which is expressed in every <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tapas (Sanskrit)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tapas_(Sanskrit)\">Tapas<\/a> (penance, austerity, meditation),<br \/>\nThat for which they live the life of a <a title=\"Brahmacharya\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahmacharya\">Brahmacharin<\/a>,<br \/>\nUnderstand that word in its essence: <b>Om! that is the word.<\/b><br \/>\nYes, this syllable is <a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a>,<br \/>\nThis syllable is the highest.<br \/>\nHe who knows that syllable,<br \/>\nWhatever he desires, is his.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u2009<cite>Katha Upanishad, 1.2.15-1.2.16<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussen1214_67-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussen1214-67\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4><span id=\"Maitri_Upanishad\" class=\"mw-headline\">Maitri Upanishad<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The <a title=\"Maitrayaniya Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad\">Maitrayaniya Upanishad<\/a> in sixth <i>Prapathakas<\/i> (lesson) discusses the meaning and significance of <i>Om<\/i>. The text asserts that <i>Om<\/i> represents Brahman-Atman. The three roots of the syllable, states the Maitri Upanishad, are <i>A<\/i> + <i>U<\/i> + <i>M<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller64_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller64-68\">[57]<\/a><\/sup> The sound is the body of Soul, and it repeatedly manifests in three: as gender-endowed body \u2013 feminine, masculine, neuter; as light-endowed body \u2013 <a title=\"Agni\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Agni\">Agni<\/a>, <a title=\"Vayu\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vayu\">Vayu<\/a> and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aditya\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Aditya\">Aditya<\/a>; as deity-endowed body \u2013 Brahma, Rudra<sup id=\"cite_ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-69\">[l]<\/a><\/sup> and Vishnu; as mouth-endowed body \u2013 Garhapatya, Dakshinagni and Ahavaniya;<sup id=\"cite_ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-70\">[58]<\/a><\/sup> as knowledge-endowed body \u2013 Rig, Saman and Yajur;<sup id=\"cite_ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-71\">[59]<\/a><\/sup> as world-endowed body \u2013 Bh\u016br, Bhuva\u1e25 and Sva\u1e25; as time-endowed body \u2013 Past, Present and Future; as heat-endowed body \u2013 Breath, Fire and Sun; as growth-endowed body \u2013 Food, Water and Moon; as thought-endowed body \u2013 intellect, mind and psyche.<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller64_68-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller64-68\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cowell64_72-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-cowell64-72\">[60]<\/a><\/sup> Brahman exists in two forms \u2013 the material form, and the immaterial formless.<sup id=\"cite_ref-73\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-73\">[61]<\/a><\/sup> The material form is changing, unreal. The immaterial formless isn&#8217;t changing, real. The immortal formless is truth, the truth is the Brahman, the Brahman is the light, the light is the Sun which is the syllable <i>Om<\/i> as the Self.<sup id=\"cite_ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-74\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-75\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-75\">[63]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The world is Om, its light is Sun, and the Sun is also the light of the syllable <i>Om<\/i>, asserts the Upanishad. Meditating on Om, is acknowledging and meditating on the Brahman-Atman (Soul, Self).<sup id=\"cite_ref-maxmuller64_68-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-maxmuller64-68\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Mundaka_Upanishad\" class=\"mw-headline\">Mundaka Upanishad<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The <a title=\"Mundaka Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mundaka_Upanishad\">Mundaka Upanishad<\/a> in the second <i>Mundakam<\/i> (part), suggests the means to knowing the Self and the Brahman to be meditation, self-reflection and introspection, that can be aided by the symbol <i>Om<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-76\">[64]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-77\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-77\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<div class=\"poem\">\n<p>That which is flaming, which is subtler than the subtle,<br \/>\non which the worlds are set, and their inhabitants \u2013<br \/>\nThat is the indestructible Brahman.<sup id=\"cite_ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-78\">[66]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\nIt is life, it is speech, it is mind. That is the real. It is immortal.<br \/>\nIt is a mark to be penetrated. Penetrate It, my friend.<\/p>\n<p>Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad,<br \/>\none should put upon it an arrow sharpened by meditation,<br \/>\nStretching it with a thought directed to the essence of That,<br \/>\nPenetrate<sup id=\"cite_ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-79\">[67]<\/a><\/sup> that Imperishable as the mark, my friend.<\/p>\n<p><b>Om<\/b> is the bow, the arrow is the Soul, Brahman the mark,<br \/>\nBy the undistracted man is It to be penetrated,<br \/>\nOne should come to be in It,<br \/>\nas the arrow becomes one with the mark.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u2009<cite>Mundaka Upanishad, 2.2.2 \u2013 2.2.4<sup id=\"cite_ref-roberthume22_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-roberthume22-80\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-81\">[69]<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a title=\"Adi Shankara\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Adi_Shankara\">Adi Shankara<\/a>, in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad, states <i>Om<\/i> as a symbolism for <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atman (Hinduism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Atman_(Hinduism)\">Atman<\/a> (soul, self).<sup id=\"cite_ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-82\">[70]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Mandukya_Upanishad\" class=\"mw-headline\">Mandukya Upanishad<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The <a title=\"Mandukya Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mandukya_Upanishad\">Mandukya Upanishad<\/a> opens by declaring, &#8220;Om!, this syllable is this whole world&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-83\">[71]<\/a><\/sup> Thereafter it presents various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies.<sup id=\"cite_ref-humefull_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-humefull-84\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> This discussion is built on a structure of &#8220;four fourths&#8221; or &#8220;fourfold&#8221;, derived from <i>A<\/i> + <i>U<\/i> + <i>M<\/i> + &#8220;silence&#8221; (or without an element).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_83-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-83\">[71]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-humefull_84-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-humefull-84\">[72]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><b>Aum as all states of time<\/b><\/dd>\n<dd>In verse 1, the Upanishad states that time is threefold: the past, the present and the future, that these three are &#8220;Aum&#8221;. The four fourth of time is that which transcends time, that too is &#8220;Aum&#8221; expressed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-humefull_84-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-humefull-84\">[72]<\/a><\/sup><\/dd>\n<dd><b>Aum as all states of Atman<\/b><\/dd>\n<dd>In verse 2, states the Upanishad, everything is Brahman, but Brahman is Atman (the Soul, Self), and that the Atman is fourfold.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_83-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-83\">[71]<\/a><\/sup> Johnston summarizes these four states of Self, respectively, as seeking the physical, seeking inner thought, seeking the causes and spiritual consciousness, and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self, the Eternal.<sup id=\"cite_ref-johnston_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-johnston-85\">[73]<\/a><\/sup><\/dd>\n<dd><b>Aum as all states of consciousness<\/b><\/dd>\n<dd>In verses 3 to 6, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness: wakeful, dream, deep sleep and the state of <i>ekatma<\/i> (being one with Self, the oneness of Self).<sup id=\"cite_ref-humefull_84-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-humefull-84\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> These four are <i>A<\/i> + <i>U<\/i> + <i>M<\/i> + &#8220;without an element&#8221; respectively.<sup id=\"cite_ref-humefull_84-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-humefull-84\">[72]<\/a><\/sup><\/dd>\n<dd><b>Aum as all of knowledge<\/b><\/dd>\n<dd>In verses 9 to 12, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the syllable &#8220;Aum&#8221;. It states that the first element of &#8220;Aum&#8221; is <i>A<\/i>, which is from <i>Apti<\/i> (obtaining, reaching) or from <i>Adimatva<\/i> (being first).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_83-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-83\">[71]<\/a><\/sup> The second element is <i>U<\/i>, which is from <i>Utkarsa<\/i> (exaltation) or from <i>Ubhayatva<\/i> (intermediateness).<sup id=\"cite_ref-humefull_84-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-humefull-84\">[72]<\/a><\/sup> The third element is <i>M<\/i>, from <i>Miti<\/i> (erecting, constructing) or from <i>Mi Minati, or ap\u012bti<\/i> (annihilation).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_83-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-83\">[71]<\/a><\/sup> The fourth is without an element, without development, beyond the expanse of universe. In this way, states the Upanishad, the syllable Om is indeed the Atman (the self).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_83-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-83\">[71]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-humefull_84-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-humefull-84\">[72]<\/a><\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h4><span id=\"Shvetashvatara_Upanishad\" class=\"mw-headline\">Shvetashvatara Upanishad<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The <a title=\"Shvetashvatara Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad\">Shvetashvatara Upanishad<\/a>, in verses 1.14 to 1.16, suggests meditating with the help of syllable <i>Om<\/i>, where one&#8217;s perishable body is like one fuel-stick and the syllable <i>Om<\/i> is the second fuel-stick, which with discipline and diligent rubbing of the sticks unleashes the concealed fire of thought and awareness within. Such knowledge, asserts the Upanishad, is the goal of Upanishads.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pauldeussen116_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pauldeussen116-86\">[74]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-87\">[75]<\/a><\/sup>The text asserts that <i>Om<\/i> is a tool of meditation empowering one to know the God within oneself, to realize one&#8217;s Atman (Soul, Self).<sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-88\">[76]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Aitareya_Aranyaka\" class=\"mw-headline\">Aitareya Aranyaka<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aitareya Aranyaka\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Aitareya_Aranyaka\">Aitareya Aranyaka<\/a> in verse 23.6,<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\">[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Please clarify\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Please_clarify\"><span title=\"The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2016)\">clarification needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup> explains <i>Om<\/i> as &#8220;an acknowledgment, melodic confirmation, something that gives momentum and energy to a hymn&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wilke435_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-wilke435-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p><i>Om<\/i> (\u0950) is the <i>pratigara<\/i> (agreement) with a hymn. Likewise is <i>tatha<\/i> (so be it) with a song. But <i>Om<\/i> is something divine, and <i>tatha<\/i> is something human.<\/p>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u2009<cite>Aitareya Aranyaka 23.6, <sup id=\"cite_ref-wilke435_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-wilke435-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><span id=\"Bhagavad_Gita\" class=\"mw-headline\">Bhagavad Gita<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <a title=\"Bhagavad Gita\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Bhagavad_Gita\">Bhagavad Gita<\/a>, in the Epic <a title=\"Mahabharata\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mahabharata\">Mahabharata<\/a>, mentions the meaning and significance of <i>Om<\/i> in several verses. For example, Fowler notes that verse 9.17 of the Bhagavad Gita synthesizes the competing dualistic and monist streams of thought in Hinduism, by using &#8220;<i>Om<\/i> which is the symbol for the indescribable, impersonal <a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a>&#8220;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-jfowler164_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-jfowler164-89\">[77]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p>I am the Father of this world, Mother, Ordainer, Grandfather, the Thing to be known, the Purifier, the syllable <b>Om<\/b>, Rik, Saman and also Yajus.<\/p>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u2009<cite><a title=\"Krishna\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Krishna\">Krishna<\/a> to <a title=\"Arjuna\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Arjuna\">Arjuna<\/a>, Bhagavad Gita 9.17, <sup id=\"cite_ref-jfowler164_89-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-jfowler164-89\">[77]<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The significance of the sacred syllable in the Hindu traditions, is similarly highlighted in various of its verses, such as verse 17.24 where the importance of <i>Om<\/i> during prayers, charity and meditative practices is explained as follows,<sup id=\"cite_ref-jfowler271_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-jfowler271-90\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p>Therefore, uttering <b>Om<\/b>, the acts of <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Yagna\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Yagna\">yagna<\/a> (fire ritual), <a title=\"D\u0101na\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/D%C4%81na\">d\u0101na<\/a> (charity) and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tapas (Sanskrit)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tapas_(Sanskrit)\">tapas<\/a> (austerity) as enjoined in the scriptures, are always begun by those who study the <a title=\"Brahman\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u2009<cite>Bhagavad Gita 17.24, <sup id=\"cite_ref-jfowler271_90-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-jfowler271-90\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-91\">[79]<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><span id=\"Yoga_Sutra\" class=\"mw-headline\">Yoga Sutra<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The aphoristic verse 1.27 of Pantanjali&#8217;s <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Yogasutra\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Yogasutra\">Yogasutra<\/a> links <i>Om<\/i> to <a title=\"Yoga\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Yoga\">Yoga<\/a> practice, as follows,<sup id=\"cite_ref-charlesj_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-charlesj-92\">[80]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<p>\u0924\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u091a\u0915\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0935\u0903 \u0965\u0968\u096d\u0965<\/p>\n<p>His word is <b>Om<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u2009<cite>Yogasutra 1.27, <sup id=\"cite_ref-charlesj_92-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-charlesj-92\">[80]<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a title=\"Charles Johnston (Theosophist)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)\">Johnston<\/a> states this verse highlights the importance of <i>Om<\/i> in the meditative practice of Yoga, where it symbolizes three worlds in the Soul; the three times \u2013 past, present and future eternity, the three divine powers \u2013 creation, preservation and transformation in one Being; and three essences in one Spirit \u2013 immortality, omniscience and joy. It is, asserts Johnston, a symbol for the perfected Spiritual Man (his emphasis).<sup id=\"cite_ref-charlesj_92-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-charlesj-92\">[80]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Puranas\" class=\"mw-headline\">Puranas<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Ganesha-aum.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Ganesha-aum.jpg\/170px-Ganesha-aum.jpg\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Ganesha-aum.jpg\/255px-Ganesha-aum.jpg 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Ganesha-aum.jpg\/340px-Ganesha-aum.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"183\" data-file-width=\"1684\" data-file-height=\"1808\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>The Hindu deity <a title=\"Ganesha\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Ganesha\">Ganesha<\/a>is sometimes linked to the symbol <i>Om<\/i> and as the symbol for <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Upanishad\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Upanishad\">Upanishadic<\/a>concept of Brahman.<sup id=\"cite_ref-93\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-93\">[81]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-94\">[82]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The medieval era texts of Hinduism, such as the <a title=\"Puranas\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Puranas\">Puranas<\/a> adopt and expand the concept of <i>Om<\/i> in their own ways, and to their own theistic sects. According to the <a title=\"Vayu Purana\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vayu_Purana\">Vayu Purana<\/a>, <i>Om<\/i> is the representation of the Hindu <a title=\"Trimurti\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Trimurti\">Trimurti<\/a>, and represents the union of the three gods, viz. <i>A<\/i> for <a title=\"Brahma\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahma\">Brahma<\/a>, <i>U<\/i> for <a title=\"Vishnu\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vishnu\">Vishnu<\/a> and <i>M<\/i> for <a title=\"Shiva\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Shiva\">Shiva<\/a>. The three sounds also symbolise the three <a title=\"Vedas\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vedas\">Vedas<\/a>, namely (<a title=\"Rigveda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Rigveda\">Rigveda<\/a>, <a title=\"Samaveda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Samaveda\">Samaveda<\/a>, <a title=\"Yajurveda\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Yajurveda\">Yajurveda<\/a>).<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\">[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The <a title=\"Shiva Purana\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Shiva_Purana\">Shiva Purana<\/a> highlights the relation between deity <a title=\"Shiva\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Shiva\">Shiva<\/a> and the <i>Pranava<\/i> or <i>Om<\/i>. Shiva is declared to be <i>Om<\/i>, and that <i>Om<\/i> is Shiva.<sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-95\">[83]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Jainism\" class=\"mw-headline\">Jainism<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg\/220px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg.png\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg\/330px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg.png 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg\/440px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_black.svg.png 2x\" alt=\"Jain Aum\" width=\"220\" height=\"274\" data-file-width=\"167\" data-file-height=\"208\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>Aum in Jainism<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In <a title=\"Jainism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Jainism\">Jainism<\/a>, om is considered a condensed form of reference to the <a title=\"Pa\u00f1ca-Parame\u1e63\u1e6dhi\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi\">Pa\u00f1ca-Parame\u1e63\u1e6dhi<\/a>, by their initials <i>A+A+A+U+M<\/i> (<i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">o<a title=\"Pluti\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pluti\">3<\/a><\/i><i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">m<\/i><\/i>). The <a title=\"Dravyasamgraha\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Dravyasamgraha\">Dravyasamgraha<\/a> quotes a <a title=\"Prakrit\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Prakrit\">Prakrit<\/a>line:<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999410-411_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999410-411-96\">[84]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd><span lang=\"sa\" title=\"Sanskrit language text\">\u0913\u092e \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u091e\u094d\u091a\u092a\u0930\u092e\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092a\u092e\u094d \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0924 &#8220;\u0905\u0930\u093f\u0939\u0902\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0939 \u0909\u0935\u091c\u094d\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902&#8221;<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-97\">[m]<\/a><\/sup><\/dd>\n<dd>Translation: Veneration to the Arhats, veneration to the perfect ones, veneration to the masters, veneration to the teachers, veneration to all the monks in the world.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999410-411_96-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999410-411-96\">[84]<\/a><\/sup><\/dd>\n<dd><i>AAAUM<\/i> (or just &#8220;Om&#8221;) is one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis: &#8220;<a title=\"Arihant (Jainism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Arihant_(Jainism)\">Arihant<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ashiri\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Ashiri\">Ashiri<\/a>, <a title=\"Acharya\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Acharya\">Acharya<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Upajjhaya\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Upajjhaya\">Upajjhaya<\/a>, <a title=\"Jain monasticism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Jain_monasticism\">Muni<\/a>&#8220;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-98\">[85]<\/a><\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p><span lang=\"sa\" title=\"Sanskrit language text\">\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u092e\u0903<\/span> <i>(<i lang=\"sa-Latn\" title=\"International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration\">O\u1e43 nama\u1e25<\/i>) Siddhanam<\/i> (6 syllables), <i>Om Nhi<\/i> (2 syllables) and just <i>Om<\/i> (1 syllable) are the short forms of the Paramesthi-Mantra, also called Namokar Mantra or <a title=\"Namokar Mantra\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Namokar_Mantra\">Navkar Mantra<\/a> in Jainism.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999410-411_96-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999410-411-96\">[84]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Buddhism\" class=\"mw-headline\">Buddhism<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg\/220px-Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg\" srcset=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg\/330px-Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg 1.5x, file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg\/440px-Kannonshoji_Azuchi_Kyoto_pref_Japan01s3.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" data-file-width=\"4650\" data-file-height=\"3100\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>Nio statues in Kyoto prefecture of Japan, believed to be saying the start and the end of syllable &#8220;AUM&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-adrian_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-adrian-99\">[86]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-helenbaroni_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-helenbaroni-100\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><i>Om<\/i> is often used in some later schools of Buddhism, for example Tibetan Buddhism, which was influenced by Indian Hinduism and Tantra.<sup id=\"cite_ref-101\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-101\">[88]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-102\">[89]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In <a title=\"Chinese Buddhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Chinese_Buddhism\">Chinese Buddhism<\/a>, <i>Om<\/i> is often <a title=\"Transliteration\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Transliteration\">transliterated<\/a> as the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Chinese character\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Chinese_character\">Chinese character<\/a> <span class=\"Unicode\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"zh:\u5535\" href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%94%B5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u5535<\/a><\/span> (<a title=\"Pinyin\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pinyin\">pinyin<\/a> <i><i lang=\"pny\" title=\"Pinyin language text\">\u01cen<\/i><\/i>) or <span class=\"Unicode\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u55e1\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E5%97%A1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u55e1<\/a><\/span> (<a title=\"Pinyin\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Pinyin\">pinyin<\/a> <i><i lang=\"pny\" title=\"Pinyin language text\">w\u0113ng<\/i><\/i>).<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Tibetan_Buddhism_.28Vajrayana.29\"><\/span><span id=\"Tibetan_Buddhism_(Vajrayana)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana)<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/File:TibAum.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/TibAum.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"140\" data-file-width=\"120\" data-file-height=\"140\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><a title=\"Tibetan alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tibetan_alphabet\">Tibetan<\/a> Om <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u0f00\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E0%BC%80\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0f00<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In Tibetan <a title=\"Buddhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Buddhism\">Buddhism<\/a>, <i>Om<\/i> is often placed at the beginning of <a title=\"Mantra\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mantra\">mantras<\/a> and <a title=\"Dharani\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Dharani\">dharanis<\/a>. Probably the most well known mantra is &#8220;<a title=\"Om mani padme hum\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Om_mani_padme_hum\">Om mani padme hum<\/a>&#8220;, the six syllable mantra of the <a title=\"Bodhisattva\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Bodhisattva\">Bodhisattva<\/a> of compassion, <a title=\"Avalokite\u015bvara\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara\">Avalokite\u015bvara<\/a>. This mantra is particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari form of Avalokite\u015bvara. Moreover, as a seed syllable (<i><a title=\"B\u012bja\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/B%C4%ABja\">bija<\/a> <a title=\"Mantra\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Mantra\">mantra<\/a><\/i>), <i>Aum<\/i> is considered sacred and holy in <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Esoteric Buddhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Esoteric_Buddhism\">Esoteric Buddhism<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-103\">[90]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Some scholars interpret the first word of the mantra <i>o\u1e43 ma\u1e47ipadme h\u016b\u1e43<\/i> to be <i>au\u1e43<\/i>, with a meaning similar to Hinduism \u2013 the totality of sound, existence and consciousness.<sup id=\"cite_ref-carlolsenb_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-carlolsenb-104\">[91]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-105\">[92]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><i>O\u1e43<\/i> has been described by the 14th Dalai Lama as &#8220;composed of three pure letters, A, U, and M. These symbolize the impure body, speech, and mind of everyday unenlightened life of a practitioner; they also symbolize the pure exalted body, speech and mind of an enlightened Buddha.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-106\">[93]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-107\">[94]<\/a><\/sup> According to Simpkins, Om is a part of many mantras in Tibetan Buddhism and is a symbolism for &#8220;wholeness, perfection and the infinite&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-108\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-108\">[95]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Ni.C5.8D_guardian_kings_and_Komainu_lion-dogs\"><\/span><span id=\"Ni\u014d_guardian_kings_and_Komainu_lion-dogs\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ni\u014d guardian kings and Komainu lion-dogs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><i>Aum<\/i> is symbolically represented by <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ni\u014d\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Ni%C5%8D\">Ni\u014d<\/a> (\u4ec1\u738b) statues in Japan, and their equivalent in East Asia. <i>Ni\u014d<\/i> appear in pairs in front of Buddhist temple gates and stupas, in the form of two fierce looking guardian kings (<i>Vajra<\/i>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-adrian_99-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-adrian-99\">[86]<\/a><\/sup> One has an open mouth, regarded by Buddhists as symbolically speaking the &#8220;A&#8221; syllable; the other has a closed mouth, symbolically speaking the &#8220;Um&#8221; syllable. The two together are regarded as saying &#8220;Aum&#8221;, the <i>vajra-breath<\/i>, or the Absolute in Sanskrit.<sup id=\"cite_ref-adrian_99-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-adrian-99\">[86]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-helenbaroni_100-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-helenbaroni-100\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Komainu\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Komainu\">Komainu<\/a> (\u72db\u72ac), also called lion-dogs, found in Japan, Korea and China, also occur in pairs before Buddhist temples and public spaces, and again, one has an open mouth (<i>Agy\u014d<\/i>), the other closed (<i>Ungy\u014d<\/i>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-109\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-109\">[96]<\/a><\/sup> Like <i>Nio<\/i> statues, they are traditionally interpreted to be saying the start and end of &#8220;Aun&#8221; \u2013 a transliteration of the Sanskrit sacred syllable <i>Aum<\/i> (or <i>Om<\/i>), signifying the start and end of everything.<sup id=\"cite_ref-110\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-110\">[97]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-111\">[98]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Sikhism\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sikhism<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a title=\"Ik Onkar\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Ik_Onkar\">Ik Onkar<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a title=\"Sikhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sikhism\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"file:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/86\/Ekonkar.normal.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"80\" data-file-height=\"80\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><i>Ik Onkar<\/i> of Sikhism<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><i>Ik Oankar<\/i>, iconically represented as <span class=\"Unicode\">\u0a74<\/span> in <a title=\"Sikhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Sikhism\">Sikhism<\/a> are the opening words of the <a title=\"Guru Granth Sahib\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Guru_Granth_Sahib\">Guru Granth Sahib<\/a>, the Sikh scripture.<sup id=\"cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-112\">[99]<\/a><\/sup> It is the statement that &#8216;there is one God&#8217;,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sikhism_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-Sikhism-113\">[100]<\/a><\/sup> and that there is &#8216;singularity despite seeming plurality&#8217;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wazirsingh_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-wazirsingh-114\">[101]<\/a><\/sup> The <i>Oankar<\/i> of Sikhism is related to <i>Om<\/i> in Hinduism, states the Indologist <a title=\"Wendy Doniger\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Wendy_Doniger\">Wendy Doniger<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_112-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-112\">[99]<\/a><\/sup> Some Sikhs disagree that <i>Ik Oankar<\/i> is same as <i>Om<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_112-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-112\">[99]<\/a><\/sup> The phrase is a compound of the numeral one (<i>ik<\/i>) and <i>onkar<\/i>, states Doniger, canonically understood in Sikhism to refer to &#8220;absolute monotheistic unity of God&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_112-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-112\">[99]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Onkar is, states Wazir Singh, a &#8220;variation of Om (Aum) of the ancient Indian scriptures (with a slight change in its orthography), implying the seed-force that evolves as the universe&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-115\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-115\">[102]<\/a><\/sup> <i>Ik Onkar<\/i> is part of the &#8220;Mul Mantra&#8221; in Sikh teachings and represents &#8220;One God&#8221;, explains Gulati, where &#8220;Ik&#8221; means One, and Onkar is &#8220;equivalent of the Hindu &#8220;Om&#8221; (Aum)&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-gulati285_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-gulati285-116\">[103]<\/a><\/sup> <a title=\"Guru Nanak\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Guru_Nanak\">Guru Nanak<\/a> wrote a poem entitled Oankar in which, states Doniger, he &#8220;attributed the origin and sense of speech to the Divinity, who is thus the Om-maker&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-M-W_Ik_Onkar_112-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-M-W_Ik_Onkar-112\">[99]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"templatequote\">\n<div class=\"poem\">\n<p><i>Oankar<\/i> (&#8216;the Primal Sound&#8217;) created <a title=\"Brahma\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Brahma\">Brahma<\/a>, <i>Oankar<\/i> fashioned the consciousness,<br \/>\nFrom <i>Oankar<\/i> came mountains and ages, <i>Oankar<\/i> produced the <a title=\"Vedas\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Vedas\">Vedas<\/a>,<br \/>\nBy the grace of <i>Oankar<\/i>, people were saved through the divine word,<br \/>\nBy the grace of <i>Oankar<\/i>, they were liberated through the teachings of the Guru.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"templatequotecite\">\u2014\u2009<cite>Ramakali Dakkhani, Adi Granth 929-930, Translated by Pashaura Singh<sup id=\"cite_ref-pashaura227_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pashaura227-117\">[104]<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><i>Ik Aumkara<\/i> appears at the start of <i>Mul Mantra<\/i>, states Kohli, and it occurs as &#8220;Aum&#8221; in the <i>Upanishads<\/i> and in <i>Gurbani<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sskohli39_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-sskohli39-118\">[105]<\/a><\/sup> However, the meaning of <i>Oankar<\/i> in the Sikh tradition, states Pashaura Singh, is quite different in certain respects than those in other Indian philosophical traditions.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pashaura227_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-pashaura227-117\">[104]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Modern_reception\" class=\"mw-headline\">Modern reception<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Brahmic script <i>om<\/i>-ligature has become widely recognised in Western <a title=\"Counterculture\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Counterculture\">counterculture<\/a> since the 1960s, mostly in its standard <a title=\"Devanagari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Devanagari\">Devanagari<\/a> form (\u0950), but the <a title=\"Tibetan alphabet\" href=\"file:\/\/\/wiki\/Tibetan_alphabet\">Tibetan alphabet<\/a> <i>om<\/i> (\u0f00) has also gained limited currency in popular culture.<sup id=\"cite_ref-119\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/manonathadasa\/Dropbox\/Om%20-%20Wikipedia.webarchive#cite_note-119\">[106]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pranava yoga is meditation on the sacred mantra Om, as outlined in the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. It is also called Aum yoga and Aum yoga meditation. It is, simply &hellip; <a class=\"kt-excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/om-omkara-pranava\/\" aria-label=\"Om Omkara Pranava\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":81,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66860","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-area9"],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-04-13 20:42:39","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66860","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/81"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66860"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66860\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}