{"id":16927,"date":"2020-09-16T04:56:54","date_gmt":"2020-09-16T08:56:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/?p=16927"},"modified":"2020-09-15T12:58:14","modified_gmt":"2020-09-15T16:58:14","slug":"yama-various-definitions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/yama-various-definitions\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama, various definitions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"headings\">\n<h1 class=\"pageHeader\">Yama, Y\u0101ma, Y\u0101m\u0101: 44 definitions<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"introduction\" class=\"bookSubHeader mb-3\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"item-contents\">\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#images\">Image gallery<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Yama in the context of Hinduism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#hinduism\">In Hinduism<\/a>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Yoga (school of philosophy)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#yoga\">Yoga<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Rasashastra (chemistry and alchemy)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#rasashastra\">Rasashastra<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#natyashastra\">Natyashastra<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Purana and Itihasa (epic history)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#purana\">Purana<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Kavya (poetry)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#kavya\">Kavya<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Vedanta (school of philosophy)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#vedanta\">Vedanta<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#shaktism\">Shaktism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#vyakarana\">Vyakarana<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Dharmashastra (religious law)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#dharmashastra\">Dharmashastra<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Shilpashastra (iconography)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#shilpashastra\">Shilpashastra<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#shaivism\">Shaivism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#vaishnavism\">Vaishnavism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#hinduism-general\">General definition<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Yama in the context of Buddhism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#buddhism\">In Buddhism<\/a>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#theravada\">Theravada<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#tibetan-buddhism\">Tibetan Buddhism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#mahayana\">Mahayana<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#buddhism-general\">General definition<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Yama in the context of Jainism\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#jainism\">In Jainism<\/a>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#jainism-general\">General definition<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Yama in the context of India history\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#history\">India history<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Yama in the context of Languages\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#language\">Languages<\/a>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Pali-English dictionary\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#pali\">Pali<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Marathi-English dictionary\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#marathi\">Marathi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Definition in Sanskrit-English dictionary\" href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#sanskrit\">Sanskrit<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#relevant-definitions\">See also<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>#Yama means something in <a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\">Buddhism<\/a>, Pali, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\">Hinduism<\/a>, Sanskrit, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/jainism\">Jainism<\/a>, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"images\" class=\"bookSubHeader mb-3\">Images (photo gallery)<\/h2>\n<section class=\"search\">\n<div class=\"row no-gutters\">\n<div class=\"col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 pr-2\"><a title=\"Plate 29: Yama Pata\" href=\"file:\/\/\/gallery\/vijayanagara-paintings\/1713\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/photos\/220x220_crop\/plate-29-yama-pata.jpg\" alt=\"gallery thumb\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 pr-2\"><a title=\"Plate 11: Kalari\" href=\"file:\/\/\/gallery\/vijayanagara-paintings\/1695\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/photos\/220x220_crop\/plate-11-kalari.jpg\" alt=\"gallery thumb\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2 id=\"hinduism\" class=\"bookSubHeader\">In Hinduism<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"yoga\">Yoga (school of philosophy)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cVyaghrasana\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/vyaghrasana#yoga\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Yoga glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/yoga\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYoga\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yoga#yoga\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Yoga homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/yoga\">Yoga glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: Yoga<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Moral Disciplines; First step of the Ashtanga;<\/p>\n<p>In Yoga philoshopy, there are five or ethical standards called the Fice Yama&#8217;s. They act as moral guidelines.<\/p>\n<p>The five yama&#8217;s are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Non-violence<\/li>\n<li>Non-lying<\/li>\n<li>Non-stealing<\/li>\n<li>Non-sensuality<\/li>\n<li>Non-greed<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: Yoga<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e, \u201cforbearance\u201d) is a Sanskrit word referring to \u201crespect for others\u201d. It is one of the eight brances of yoga, also known as the eightfold-path (<em>a\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101nga<\/em>). Also see the fifth section of the <em>Var\u0101ha-upani\u1e63ad<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Yama is of ten kinds:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>ahi\u1e43s\u0101 <\/em>(nonviolence)<\/li>\n<li><em>satya <\/em>(truthfulness)<\/li>\n<li><em>asteya <\/em>(not stealing)<\/li>\n<li><em>brahmacarya <\/em>(celibacy when single, not cheating on one&#8217;s partner)<\/li>\n<li><em>k\u1e63am\u0101 <\/em>(forgiveness)<\/li>\n<li><em>dh\u1e5bti <\/em>(fortitude)<\/li>\n<li><em>day\u0101 <\/em>(compassion)<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0101rjava <\/em>(non-hypocrisy, sincerity)<\/li>\n<li><em>mit\u0101h\u0101ra <\/em>(measured diet)<\/li>\n<li><em>\u015bauca <\/em>(purity, cleanliness)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Yoga.jpg\" alt=\"Yoga book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as \u0101sanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Yoga from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Yoga\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"rasashastra\">Rasashastra (chemistry and alchemy)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cVyoma\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/vyoma#rasashastra\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Rasashastra glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/rasashastra\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYantra\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yantra#rasashastra\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Rasashastra homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/rasashastra\">Rasashastra glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: Rasa-\u015b\u0101stra<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e):\u2014Sanskrit technical term corresponding to 3 hours (or, 1\/8<sup>th<\/sup> of a day and night), used in <em>Rasa\u015b\u0101stra<\/em> literature (Medicinal Alchemy) such as the <em>Rasaprak\u0101\u015basudh\u0101kara <\/em>or the <em>Rasaratna-samuccaya<\/em>.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Rasa-Shastra-tall.jpg\" alt=\"Rasashastra book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Rasashastra (\u0930\u0938\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, rasa\u015b\u0101stra) is an important branch of Ayurveda, specialising in chemical interactions with herbs, metals and minerals. Some texts combine yogic and tantric practices with various alchemical operations. The ultimate goal of Rasashastra is not only to preserve and prolong life, but also to bestow wealth upon humankind.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Rasashastra from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Ayurveda\/ayurveda\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"natyashastra\">Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYalpanar\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yalpanar#natyashastra\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Natyashastra glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/natyashastra\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamadanda\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadanda#natyashastra\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Natyashastra homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/natyashastra\">Natyashastra glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: N\u0101\u1e6dya-\u015b\u0101stra<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) is the Sanskrit name of one of Bharata\u2019s sons, mentioned in the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/the-natyashastra\/d\/doc202329.html\">N\u0101\u1e6dya\u015b\u0101stra 1.26-33<\/a>. After Brahm\u0101 created the N\u0101\u1e6dyaveda (<em>n\u0101\u1e6dya\u015b\u0101stra<\/em>), he ordered Bharata to teach the science to his (one hundred) sons. Bharata thus learned the N\u0101\u1e6dyaveda from Brahm\u0101, and then made his sons study and learn its proper application. After their study, Bharata assigned his sons (<em>eg.<\/em>, Yama) various roles suitable to them.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Natya-Shastra-tall.jpg\" alt=\"Natyashastra book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Natyashastra (\u0928\u093e\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, n\u0101\u1e6dya\u015b\u0101stra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (\u015b\u0101stra) of performing arts, (n\u0101\u1e6dya, <em>e.g.<\/em>, theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing dramatic plays (<em>nataka<\/em>) and poetic works (<em>kavya<\/em>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Natyashastra from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/PerformingArts\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"purana\">Purana and Itihasa (epic history)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYakshma\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yakshma#purana\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Purana glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/purana\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamabali\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabali#purana\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Purana homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/purana\">Purana glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1) Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014K\u0101la. (For more details see under K\u0101la).<\/p>\n<p>2) Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014A band of special gods of the Sv\u0101yambhuva Manvantara (See under Manvantara).<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/NilamataPuranaACulturalAnLiteraryStudyOfKashmiriPuranaVedKumari\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: archive.org: Nilamata Purana: a cultural and literary study<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to a deity that was once worshipped in ancient Kashmir (Ka\u015bm\u012bra) according to the N\u012blamatapur\u0101\u1e47a.\u2014Yama is the son of the god Sun, he is lord of the dead. His seven names are: Yama, Dharmar\u0101ja, M\u1e5btyu, Antaka, Vaivasvata, K\u0101la and Sarvapr\u0101\u1e47ahara. Dh\u016bmror\u1e47\u0101 who is the wife of Yama according to the Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata and the Vi\u1e63\u1e47udharmottara Pur\u0101\u1e47a is mentioned in the N\u012blamata, but her relation to Yama is not pointed out. Four places dedicated to Yama have been mentioned in the N\u012blamata.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: archive.org: Shiva Purana &#8211; English Translation<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1) Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to \u201cself-restraint\u201d. It is the first of the eight means of attaining mental concentration. The rest are \u201c<em>niyama<\/em>, <em>\u0101sana<\/em>, <em>pr\u0101\u1e47\u0101y\u0101ma<\/em>, <em>praty\u0101h\u0101ra<\/em>, <em>dh\u0101ra\u1e47\u0101<\/em>, <em>dhy\u0101na<\/em>\u201d and \u201c<em>sam\u0101dhi<\/em>\u201d. For details see \u201cbodhas\u0101ra\u201d, pp. 121-128. Yamas are usually said to be ten.<\/p>\n<p>2) Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to one of the eight guardians of the quarters, according to the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/shiva-purana-english\/d\/doc226042.html\">\u015aivapur\u0101\u1e47a 2.2.22<\/a>. Accordingly as \u015aiva said to Sit\u0101:\u2014\u201c[&#8230;] the different parts of the mountain Meru seem to be echoing the pleasing sweet sounds of bees etc. which cause the incitement of love of the guardians of the quarters viz. Indra, Kubera, Yama, Varu\u1e47a, Agni, Nir\u1e5bti, Marut (Wind) and the Supreme lord (\u012a\u015ba). Heaven, the abode of the Devas is stationed on the summits of the Meru wherein the cities of the guardians of the quarters are also situated. They are brilliant. Beautiful celestial damsels, Rambh\u0101, \u015aac\u012b, Menak\u0101 and others heighten their glory\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/scans\/PUIScan\/2014\/web\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1a) Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014(Vaivasvata) the Lord of Pit\u1e5bs; punishes men after death according to their actions, sinful or otherwise.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_1\" name=\"text1_1\">1<\/a><\/sup> A son of Vivasvat (S\u016brya) and Samj\u00f1\u0101; explains the nature of <em>dharma<\/em> and the glory of Hari to his messengers (Yamad\u016btas). Appeared in the form of a child before the queen and the subjects of Suyaj\u00f1a weeping over his dead body and showed the truth that no amount of wailing would bring the dead back to life;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_2\" name=\"text1_2\">2<\/a><\/sup> welcomed R\u0101ma and K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a and fulfilled their desire by restoring S\u0101ndip\u0101ni&#8217;s son; presented P\u1e5b\u1e6dhu with a rod of justice. Punished N\u1e5bga to be a lizard for having given a cow of a Brahma\u1e47a as a gift to another, and as the owner refused to accept the apologies and compensation offered by N\u1e5bga;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_3\" name=\"text1_3\">3<\/a><\/sup> fought with K\u0101lan\u0101bha in the Dev\u0101sura war; rode on buffalo to help Indra against K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a taking away p\u0101rij\u0101ta, but discomfited, ran away in fear;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_4\" name=\"text1_4\">4<\/a><\/sup> his authority set aside in the case of Aj\u0101mila. Dhruva is said to have set his foot on his head; was a \u015audra for a hundred years owing to a curse;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_5\" name=\"text1_5\">5<\/a><\/sup> His penance at Gokar\u1e47a and \u015aiva made him lokap\u0101la; his city being Samyamana; represents the planet \u015aanai\u015bcara; served as calf for Pit\u1e5bs milking the earth; Dharmar\u0101ja; Lord of three deva ga\u1e47as\u2014 Amarttas, Aprak\u0101\u015bas, and Jyoti\u1e63mantas;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_6\" name=\"text1_6\">6<\/a><\/sup> narrated to \u015aa\u015babindu varieties of \u015br\u0101ddha; protested against the ill-treatment by his stepmother Ch\u0101y\u0101 and was cursed by her to lose his legs. [Cursed his legs to be sores and worms. His father gave him a cock to eat them. <em>m.p<\/em>.]. The father assured their restoration after a temporary loss; overlord of Pit\u1e5bs.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_7\" name=\"text1_7\">7<\/a><\/sup>in charge of hells;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_8\" name=\"text1_8\">8<\/a><\/sup> buffalo, his riding animal;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_9\" name=\"text1_9\">9<\/a><\/sup> his active part in Tripuram, defeated by K\u0101lanemi;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_10\" name=\"text1_10\">10<\/a><\/sup> burnt with K\u0101ma and attained godhood again by pleasing \u015aankara by <em>tapas<\/em>;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_11\" name=\"text1_11\">11<\/a><\/sup> dialogue of, with his servant about those who could not be taken to his region.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_12\" name=\"text1_12\">12<\/a><\/sup> acted as calf when Antaka milked the cow-earth; other names of; world of;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_13\" name=\"text1_13\">13<\/a><\/sup> in the war against T\u0101raka: war with Grasana and the latter&#8217;s success.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_14\" name=\"text1_14\">14<\/a><\/sup> <em>sa\u1e43v\u0101da<\/em> with S\u0101vitr\u012b; the latter&#8217;s praise of;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_15\" name=\"text1_15\">15<\/a><\/sup> K\u0101la and M\u1e5btyu are assistants; god to be worshipped in house building.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_16\" name=\"text1_16\">16<\/a><\/sup> Image of, with Citragupta by the side; gift of buffalo pleasing to;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_17\" name=\"text1_17\">17<\/a><\/sup> (Dharmar\u0101ja): a golden image of him standing on a copper plate to be given to guru in Saptam\u012bsvapana;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_18\" name=\"text1_18\">18<\/a><\/sup> weapon of da\u1e47\u1e0da, used by, in the battle of Tripuram;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_19\" name=\"text1_19\">19<\/a><\/sup> seen by S\u0101vitr\u012b while taking the life of her husband; blessed her with three requests of hers and finally the life of her husband;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_20\" name=\"text1_20\">20<\/a><\/sup> meting out justice impartially;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_21\" name=\"text1_21\">21<\/a><\/sup> father of two daughters Upad\u0101nav\u012b and Him\u0101.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref1_22\" name=\"text1_22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1b) A Y\u0101j\u00f1iya god.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref2_1\" name=\"text2_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1c) A muh\u016brta of the night.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref3_1\" name=\"text3_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1d) A Sukha god.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref4_1\" name=\"text4_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1e) A son of Havirdh\u0101na.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref5_1\" name=\"text5_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1f) An \u0100ditya.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref6_1\" name=\"text6_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1g) The father of Ilin\u0101, (s.v.).<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref7_1\" name=\"text7_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1h) A Vasu; a son of Dharma and Sudev\u012b.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref8_1\" name=\"text8_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1i) The agent of a class of devas.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref9_1\" name=\"text9_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1j) The son of Sure\u1e47u and Vivasvan; ill-treated by stepmother Ch\u0101y\u0101, was about to kick her when she cursed him that he would lose his leg; he became Dharmar\u0101ja, lord of Pit\u1e5bs and Protector of the world.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref10_1\" name=\"text10_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1k) A mukhya ga\u1e47a.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref11_1\" name=\"text11_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>1l) Prescriptions.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref12_1\" name=\"text12_1\">*<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>2) Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014The twelve devas born of Yaj\u00f1a and Dak\u1e63i\u1e47\u0101 and waited on Hariyaj\u00f1a;<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref13_1\" name=\"text13_1\">1<\/a><\/sup> they are Yadu, Yay\u0101ti, Vivadha, Sr\u0101sata, Mati, Vibh\u0101sa, Kratu, Pray\u0101ti, Vi\u015bruta, Dyuti, V\u0101yavya and Samyama,<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref13_2\" name=\"text13_2\">2<\/a><\/sup> born in the epoch of Sv\u0101yambhuva Manu.<sup><a href=\"file:\/\/\/Users\/mariosavelloni\/Desktop\/Yama,%20Ya%CC%84ma,%20Ya%CC%84ma%CC%84:%2044%20definitions.webarchive#ref13_3\" name=\"text13_3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.shin-ibs.edu\/publications\/the-buddhist-forum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Institute of Buddhist Studies: Buddhist Forum, Volume 4 (itihasa)<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014In the Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata (XII.92: 38), Yama is subordinate to \u015aiva by whose appointment he becomes Lord of the Ancestors (Pit\u1e5bpati)\u2014in other words Yama loses his automatic right to this position which he had initially earned through blazing a trail to the underworld as the first mortal. He does however gain compensation in other areas.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jatland.com\/home\/List_of_Mahabharata_people_and_places\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) is a name mentioned in the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/mahabharata\">Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata<\/a> (<em>cf<\/em>. IX.44.15, IX.44.27) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata (mentioning Yama) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/sloka\"><em>\u015blokas<\/em> (metrical verses)<\/a> and is over 2000 years old.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/handle\/10603\/129627\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Shodhganga: The saurapurana &#8211; a critical study<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1) Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to one of the various limbs of Yoga, according to the 10th century <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/saurapurana#purana\">Saurapur\u0101\u1e47a<\/a>: one of the various Upapur\u0101\u1e47as depicting \u015aaivism.\u2014Accordingly, the eleventh chapter contains the dialogue of \u015aiva and Skanda; the glories of the devotees of \u015aiva and the devotion to \u015aiva. The systems of Yoga along with its limbs Yama, Niyama, Ahi\u1e43s\u0101, Brahmacarya, Aparigraha, Sv\u0101dh\u0101ya, Sa\u1e43to\u1e63a, \u015aauca, Pr\u0101\u1e47\u0101y\u0101ma and Sam\u0101dhi are described while various kinds of impediments to the practice of Yoga and the means of overcoming them are explained in the thirteenth chapter.<\/p>\n<p>2) Yama (\u092f\u092e) is the son of <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/rajni#purana\">R\u0101j\u00f1\u012b<\/a> and <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/bhaskara#purana\">Bh\u0101skara (sun-god)<\/a>: the son of <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/aditi#purana\">Aditi<\/a> and <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/kashyapa#purana\">Ka\u015byapa<\/a> according to the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/vamshanucarita#purana\">Va\u1e43\u015b\u0101nucarita<\/a> section of the Saurapur\u0101\u1e47a.\u2014Accordingly, the Saurapur\u0101\u1e47a 30.27-73 and chapter 31 descibes the <em>va\u1e43\u015b\u0101nucarita<\/em> in an abridged form. It is stated that Aditi got from Ka\u015byapa, Bh\u0101skara, the Sun-god. The Sun-god had four wives\u2014Sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101, R\u0101j\u00f1\u012b, Prabh\u0101 and Ch\u0101y\u0101. Sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101 gave birth to Manu from the Sun-god in whose race were born the kings. R\u0101j\u00f1\u012b gave birth to Yama, Yamun\u0101 and Revanta.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Puranas-tall-3.jpg\" alt=\"Purana book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>The Purana (\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923, pur\u0101\u1e47as) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India\u2019s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen <em>mahapuranas<\/em> total over 400,000 <em>shlokas<\/em> (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Purana from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Hindu\/puranas\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"kavya\">Kavya (poetry)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYakshakardamadhupa\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yakshakardamadhupa#kavya\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Kavya glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/kavya\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamadamshtra\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadamshtra#kavya\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Kavya homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/kavya\">Kavya glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/handle\/10603\/60216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Shodhganga: A critical appreciation of soddhalas udayasundarikatha<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014Yama also called Da\u1e47\u1e0da and Antaka bas been mentioned fifty times in \u1e5agveda and three whole hymns are dedicated to him in the 1st and the 10th <em>ma\u1e47\u1e0dalas<\/em>. He gives bliss to the good and woe to the bad in \u1e5agveda. He is the god of death who destroys the world.<\/p>\n<p>Yama in his epithet Antaka or K\u1e5bt\u0101nta has been referred to by So\u1e0d\u1e0dhala as devouring the worlds, Bhuvanabhojin and also bearing the deadly <em>da\u1e47\u1e0da<\/em>.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix\">\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Kavya (\u0915\u093e\u0935\u094d\u092f, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes <em>mahakavya<\/em>, or \u2018epic poetry\u2019 and <em>natya<\/em>, or \u2018dramatic poetry\u2019.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Kavya from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"vedanta\">Vedanta (school of philosophy)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cVyashti\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/vyashti#vedanta\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Vedanta glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/vedanta\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYunjana\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yunjana#vedanta\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Vedanta homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/vedanta\">Vedanta glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upanishads\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: WikiPedia: Upanishads<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>In the Katha Upanishad, Yama is portrayed as a teacher. He is the father of Yudhisthira (also known as Dharmaraja), the oldest brother of the 5 Pandavas (Karna was born prior to Kunti&#8217;s wedlock, so technically Karna is Yudhishthira&#8217;s older brother) and is said to have incarnated as Vidura by some accounts in the Mahabharata period.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix\">\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Vedanta (\u0935\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924, ved\u0101nta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Vedanta from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"shaktism\">Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYajna\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yajna#shaktism\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Shaktism glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/shaktism\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamaghanta\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaghanta#shaktism\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Shaktism homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/shaktism\">Shaktism glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: \u015a\u0101ktism<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to one of the 53 gods to be worshipped in the southern quarter and given <em>p\u0101yasa<\/em> (rice boiled in milk) according to the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/vastuyaga#shaktism\">V\u0101stuy\u0101ga<\/a> rite in \u015aaktism (cf. \u015a\u0101rad\u0101tilaka-tantra III-V). The worship of these 53 gods happens after assigning them to one of the 64 compartment while constructing a <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/balimandapa#shaktism\">Balima\u1e47\u1e0dapa<\/a>. V\u0101stu is the name of a prodigious demon, who was killed by 53 gods (eg., Yama).<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/11799357\/The_%C5%9A%C4%81rad%C4%81tilakatantra_on_Yoga_A_New_Edition_and_Translation_of_Chapter_25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: academia.edu: The \u015a\u0101rad\u0101tilakatantra on Yoga<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) is explained by Lak\u1e63ma\u1e47ade\u015bika in his 11th-century \u015aarad\u0101tilaka.\u2014While the Yogas\u016btras list five <em>yamas<\/em> and five <em>niyamas<\/em> (2.30, 2.32), the \u015aarad\u0101tilaka lists ten each (7\u20139ab). The ten <em>yamas<\/em> are specified as abstaining from harming others, truthfulness, refraining from theft, celibacy, forbearance, sincerity, patience\/forgiveness, steadfastness, moderation in eating, and purity. Lak\u1e63ma\u1e47ade\u015bika\u2019s lists are similar to the ones found in later texts, such as the Yogak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da of the Vasi\u1e63\u1e6dha-sa\u1e43hit\u0101, and in Yoga-upani\u1e63ads (e.g. Dar\u015bana-upani\u1e63ad 1.6 and 2.1, \u015a\u0101\u1e47\u1e0dilya-upani\u1e63ad 1.4 and 2.1, Var\u0101ha-upani\u1e63ad 5.12cd\u201314ab and Tri\u015bikhibr\u0101hma\u1e47a-upani\u1e63ad 2.32cd\u201334ab).<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Shaktism-tall.jpg\" alt=\"Shaktism book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Shakta (\u0936\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u015b\u0101kta) or Shaktism (\u015b\u0101ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Shaktism from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Tantra\/goddess\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"vyakarana\">Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYam\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yam#vyakarana\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Vyakarana glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/vyakarana\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamanva\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamanva#vyakarana\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Vyakarana homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/vyakarana\">Vyakarana glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ADictionaryOfSanskritGrammarByMahamahopadhyayaKashinathVasudevAbhyankar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1) Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014One of pair, a twin letter available in pronunciation before a nasal letter and similar to it, when the nasal consonant is preceded by any one of the four consonants of the five classes; a transitional sound intervening between a non-nasal and the following nasal as a counterpart of the n6n-nasal; <abbr title=\"confer, compare\">cf.<\/abbr> <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094b \u092a\u091e\u094d\u091a\u092e\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092f\u092e\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0903 (<em>varge\u1e63v\u0101dy\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 cetur\u1e47o pa\u00f1came pare madhye yamo n\u0101ma p\u016brvasad\u1e5b\u015bo var\u1e47a\u1e25 pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khye prasiddha\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> S.K. on P.VIII. l.1;<\/p>\n<p>2) Yama.\u2014Name given to the seven musical notes, found in the singing of Saaman; <abbr title=\"confer, compare\">cf.<\/abbr> <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0937\u0941 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0941 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0937\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915\u0902 \u0938\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0930\u092d\u0947\u0926\u093e \u092d\u0935\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f\u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0903 \u092f\u092e\u093e\u0903 (<em>mandramadhyamatr\u0101khye\u1e63u tri\u1e63u v\u0101ca\u1e25 sth\u0101ne\u1e63u pratyeka\u1e43 sata stharabhed\u0101 bhavanti ku\u1e63\u1e6daprathamadvit\u012byat\u1e5bt\u012byacaturthamandr\u0101titv\u0101rya\u1e25 yam\u0101\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> &#8216; <abbr title=\"Taittir\u012bya Pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khya.\">T. Pr.<\/abbr> XXIII. 13,14.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix\">\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Vyakarana (\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, vy\u0101kara\u1e47a) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Vyakarana from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"dharmashastra\">Dharmashastra (religious law)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYaksha\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yaksha#dharmashastra\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Dharmashastra glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/dharmashastra\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYana\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yana#dharmashastra\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Dharmashastra homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/dharmashastra\">Dharmashastra glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/cbseacademic.nic.in\/publication_sqps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Knowledge Traditions &amp; Practices of India: Education: Systems &amp; Practices<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e, \u201cself-restraint\u201d) forms part of the ancient Indian education system, which aimed at both the inner and the outer dimension of a person. Students living with the teacher (Guru or \u0100c\u0101rya) led a life of self-control, abstinence, obedience and devotion and regulated their lives by adhering to <em>yama<\/em> (self-restraint) and <em>niyama<\/em> (five observances), that is, <em>\u015bauca<\/em> \u2014 purity of body, mind, thought; <em>santo\u1e63a<\/em> \u2014 positive contentment; <em>tapas<\/em> \u2014 austerity; <em>sv\u0101dhy\u0101ya<\/em> \u2014 self-study, introspection; and <em>\u012b\u015bvarapra\u1e47idh\u0101na<\/em> \u2014 faith in and surrender to the gods.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/DharmaShastra.jpg\" alt=\"Dharmashastra book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Dharmashastra (\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, dharma\u015b\u0101stra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Dharmashastra from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Hindu\/dharmasastras\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"shilpashastra\">Shilpashastra (iconography)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYal\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yal#shilpashastra\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Shilpashastra glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/shilpashastra\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamalarjuna\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamalarjuna#shilpashastra\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Shilpashastra homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/shilpashastra\">Shilpashastra glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/handle\/10603\/5089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Shodhganga: The significance of the m\u016bla-beras (\u015bilpa)<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) is one of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/ashtadikpalaka#shilpashastra\">A\u1e63\u1e6dadikp\u0101laka<\/a> (\u201ceight guardians of the directions\u201d), as defined according to texts dealing with <em>\u015bilpa<\/em> (arts and crafs), known as <em>\u015bilpa\u015b\u0101stras<\/em>.\u2014The hand poses for the eight <em>dikp\u0101las<\/em> (guardians of directions) are described in the Abhinayadarpa\u1e47a and they are followed in the dance performance. Yama is found holding a club in his left hand near the left shoulder and in the right hand holding the rope of the buffalo on which he rides. In Abhinayadarpa\u1e47a, the <em>hastas<\/em> described for Yama are as follows: When the left and the right hands hold <em>p\u0101\u015ba<\/em>and <em>s\u016bc\u012b-hastas<\/em> respectively, then it is <em>yama-hasta<\/em>. If the left hand assumes <em>s\u016bc\u012b-hasta<\/em> and is placed above the shoulder while the right hand holding <em>alapadma-hasta<\/em> indicates offering of <em>pi\u1e47\u1e0das<\/em> (balls of rice) to Pit\u1e5bs (manes), then it is called <em>yama-hasta<\/em>. When the left hand assumes <em>s\u016bc\u012b-hasta<\/em> and is placed on the left shoulder while the right hand holds <em>alapallava-hasta<\/em> on the chest, then also it is called <em>yama-hasta<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Yama can also be depicted with <em>mu\u1e63\u1e6di-mudr\u0101<\/em> in the left hand as if holding the <em>gad\u0101<\/em> and <em>kapittha-mudr\u0101<\/em> in the right hand as if holding the <em>p\u0101\u015ba<\/em>. This position of the hands for Yama is not mentioned in Abhinayadarpa\u1e47a.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Shilpa-Shastra-tall.jpg\" alt=\"Shilpashastra book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Shilpashastra (\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u015bilpa\u015b\u0101stra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Shilpashastra from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/ArtandArchitecture\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"shaivism\">Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYakshinisadhana\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yakshinisadhana#shaivism\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Shaivism glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/shaivism\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamadamshtraka\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadamshtraka#shaivism\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Shaivism homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/shaivism\">Shaivism glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/sg.inflibnet.ac.in\/handle\/10603\/200379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Shodhganga: Temple management in the \u0100gamas<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e) refers to a basic unit of time and equals 3 hours, while 8 <em>y\u0101mas<\/em> corresponds to 24 hours (= one day). The Arcan\u0101\u1e45gavidhi of P\u016brvak\u0101mik\u0101gama first details the time measurement used before explaining the <em>p\u016bj\u0101<\/em> schedule. The \u0100gama divides a day into eight major time periods, further divided into smaller units. The smallest and most basic unit of time is one <em>sv\u0101sa<\/em>. Sixty <em>sv\u0101sa<\/em> constitute one <em>pr\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>. Sixty <em>pr\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>constitute one <em>gha\u1e6dik\u0101<\/em>. Calculation is made from sunrise. Seven and a half <em>gha\u1e6dik\u0101<\/em> is equal to one <em>y\u0101ma<\/em>. A day consists of eight <em>y\u0101ma<\/em>, or sixty <em>gha\u1e6dik\u0101<\/em>. The intersection of two <em>y\u0101ma<\/em> periods is called <em>sandhi<\/em>, thus there are eight <em>sandhi<\/em> in a day.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Saivism-tall.jpg\" alt=\"Shaivism book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Shaiva (\u0936\u0948\u0935, \u015baiva) or Shaivism (\u015baivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Shaivism from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Tantra\/shaivism\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"vaishnavism\">Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYaksha\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yaksha#vaishnavism\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Vaishnavism glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/vaishnavism\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamaduta\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaduta#vaishnavism\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Vaishnavism homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/vaishnavism\">Vaishnavism glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.purebhakti.com\/resources\/ebooks-magazines\/bhakti-books\/english\/3-bhajana-rahasya\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Pure Bhakti: Bhajana-rahasya &#8211; 2nd Edition<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e) refers to:\u2014(same as <em>prahara<\/em>) one of the eight periods of the day. Each <em>y\u0101ma<\/em> consists of approximately three hours. (<em>cf<\/em>. Glossary page from <a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/bhajana-rahasya\">Bhajana-Rahasya<\/a>).<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Vaishnavism3.jpg\" alt=\"Vaishnavism book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Vaishnava (\u0935\u0948\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0935, vai\u1e63\u1e47ava) or vaishnavism (vai\u1e63\u1e47avism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (\u2018ten avatars of Vishnu\u2019).<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Vaishnavism from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Hindu\/vaishnav\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"hinduism-general\">General definition (in Hinduism)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYam\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yam#hinduism-general\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Hinduism glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYama-muhurta\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yama-muhurta#hinduism-general\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Hinduism homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\">Hinduism glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: Hinduism<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e, \u201cbinder, restraint\u201d):\u2014He is the vedic deity of death and judges them before his throne. He represents the embodiment of righteousness (Dharma). He is the son of Vivasvat, the Sun God, his brother is Manu and his twin sister is Yam\u012b. He is married to ten daughters of Dak\u1e63a (\u2018ritual skill\u2019) and lives in Samyamini with his scribe Citragupta.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/vedicindexofname01macduoft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: archive.org: Vedic index of Names and Subjects<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) denotes \u2018twins\u2019, the birth of which is frequently alluded to in Vedic literature. Twins of different sex seem to be indicated by the expression yamau mithunau. There are traces of the belief\u2014widely spread among negro and other races\u2014that twins are uncanny and of evil omen, but there are also vestiges of the opposite opinion, that twins are lucky.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/redzambala.com\/hinduism\/iconography-of-the-vedic-deities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Red Zambala: Iconography of the Vedic Deities<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (the Binder) is the god of death, the sovereign of the infernal regions. The wrathful one, who judges the dead, whom his messengers drag before his throne. He is the embodiment of righteousness (Dharma) and the king- of-justice (dharma-r\u0101ja). He is, however, compassionate. In the Vedas, Yama is the First Ancestor and the king-of- Ancestors (<em>pit\u1e5b-r\u0101ja<\/em>). He rules over the kingdom of the dead where the Ancestors dwell. He is also the king-of- ghosts (<em>preta-r\u0101ja<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Yama is the son of the resplendent Sun god \u2014Vivasvat (Rig Veda 10.14.5), the embodiment of social morality represented as one of the aspects of the Sun and envisaged as the progenitor of humankind. Yama&#8217;s brother is the Lawgiver, Manu, who shares with him the title of progenitor of humankind.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.shin-ibs.edu\/publications\/the-buddhist-forum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Institute of Buddhist Studies: Buddhist Forum, Volume 4 (hinduism)<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) is called Death (<em>m\u1e5btyu<\/em>) and Ender (<em>antaka<\/em>); he is now the god of Death itself, not merely god of the dead. He grows in significance and menace along with the doctrine of transmigration which, in the Br\u0101hma\u1e47as, is invariably seen as an unpleasant succession of deaths:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cVerily there are deaths connected with all the worlds and were he not to offer oblations to them, Death would get hold of him in every world; when he offers oblations to the Deaths he wards off death in every world.\u201d (\u015aatapatha-br\u0101hma\u1e47a XIII, 5.1.2)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>As Death Yama has knowledge of death and knowledge of the means of escaping its clutches. Occasionally, he can be made to reveal aspects of this knowledge, which he does in ways which belie his dread nature.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"buddhism\" class=\"bookSubHeader\">In Buddhism<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"theravada\">Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYaksha\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yaksha#theravada\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Theravada glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/theravada\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYama Deva\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yama-deva#theravada\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Theravada homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/theravada\">Theravada glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.palikanon.com\/english\/pali_names\/dic_idx.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Pali Kanon: Pali Proper Names<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>The god of death. (See, e.g., DhA.iii.337; Yamassa santikam = Maranasantikam).<\/p>\n<p>When beings die they are led before him to be judged according to their deeds. Birth, old age, illness, punishment for crime and death, are regarded as his messengers, sent among men as a warning to abstain from ill and do good. Yama questions beings brought before him as to whether they have seen these messengers and profited by them. If the answer is in the negative, the nirayapalas take them away to the different hells (M.iii.179ff).<\/p>\n<p>In the Mahasamaya Sutta (D.ii.259) mention is made of two Yamas (duve Yama), which the Commentary explains (DA.ii.690) by dve Yamakadevata (the twins, whom Rhys Davids calls the Castor and Pollux of Indian Mythology, in Dial.ii.290, n.1). Elsewhere (AA.i.374; MA.ii.953) Buddhaghosa speaks of four Yamas (im c esa eko va hoti, catusu pana dvaresu cattaro jana honti) at the four gates (of the Nirayas?). He says that Yama is a Vemanikapetaraja, who sometimes enjoys all the pleasures of heaven, in a celestial mansion, surrounded by kapparukkhas, and at other times experiences the fruits of his kamma. He is a good king.<\/p>\n<p>In the Jatakas* the Nirayas are particularly mentioned as Yamas abode (Yamakkhaya, Yamanivesana, Yamasadana, etc.); but, more generally, all Samsara is considered as subject to Yamas rule, and escape from samsara means escape from Yamas influence, Yama being the god of Death. It is evidently in this sense that Yama is called Vesayi (q.v.) (J.ii.317, 318). Yama is sometimes mentioned** with Indra, Varuna, Soma, Pajapati, etc., as a god to whom sacrifices are offered. There is a tradition (A.i.142) that once Yama longed to be born as a human being and to sit at the feet of a Tathagata.<\/p>\n<p>Yamas Nayanayudha is mentioned (SNA.i.225) among the most destructive of weapons.<\/p>\n<p>* E.g., J.ii.318; iv.273; v.268, 274, 304. The Vetarani is mentioned as forming the boundary of Yamas kingdom (i.21; J.ii.317; iii.472; but see ii.318). At J.iv.405, Yamas abode is called Ussadaniraya. DhA.i.334 explains Yamaloka by Catubbidham apayalokam. Cp. PvA.33 (Yamaloko ti petaloko); ibid., 107 (Yamavisayam = Petalokam).<\/p>\n<p>** E.g., J.vi.201; D.i.244; at Mil.37 the list includes Kuvera, Suyama and Santusita; cp. Mtu i.265; iii.68, 77; 77, 307.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; or &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>1. Yama. A class of Devas, mentioned in lists of devas between those of Tavatimsa and those of Tusita (E.g., Vin.i.12, A.i.228; iii.287; M.ii.194; iii.100, etc.). Two hundred years of human life are but one day to the Yama deva, and two thousand Years, composed of such days, form their life period (A.i.213; iv.253). Sirima, sister of Jivaka, was born after death in the Yama world and became the wife of Suyama, king of<\/p>\n<p>Yamabhavana. From there she visited the Buddha with five hundred others. SNA i.244f.; see also VvA.246 for an upasaka born in the Yama world.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix\">\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Therav\u0101da is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (<em>tipitaka<\/em>) as their canonical literature, which includes the <em>vinaya-pitaka<\/em> (monastic rules), the <em>sutta-pitaka<\/em> (Buddhist sermons) and the <em>abhidhamma-pitaka<\/em> (philosophy and psychology).<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Theravada from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Buddhist\/theravada\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"tibetan-buddhism\">Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYakshini\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yakshini#tibetan-buddhism\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Tibetan Buddhism glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/tibetan-buddhism\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamacakravartin\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamacakravartin#tibetan-buddhism\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Tibetan Buddhism homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/tibetan-buddhism\">Tibetan Buddhism glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vDE6AwAAQBAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Google Books: Vajrayogini<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014Protector deity of the southern cremation ground.\u2014Yama is associated with the south and with the sun (<em>vivasvat<\/em>, descended from S\u016brya), hence he is also Vaivasvata (Guhyasamayas\u0101dhanam\u0101l\u0101 34) or \u201cYamavaivasvata\u201d. He is also god of death, K\u0101la, whose agents brings departed souls to Yamapur\u012b. Iconographically, the \u015ama\u015b\u0101navidhi describes Yama as mounted on a buffalo (<em>mahi\u1e63\u0101r\u016b\u1e0dha<\/em>), black, red-eyed, fat, fearsome, holding a stick\/cudgel (<em>da\u1e47\u1e0da<\/em>) and a skull bowl.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/indianbuddhistic033312mbp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: archive.org: The Indian Buddhist Iconography<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) (direction: south) refers to one of the eight <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/dikpala#tibetan-buddhism\">Dikp\u0101las<\/a>, commonly depicted in Buddhist Iconography, and mentioned in the 11th-century Ni\u1e63pannayog\u0101val\u012b of Mah\u0101pa\u1e47\u1e0dita Abhay\u0101kara.\u2014His Colour is blue; his Vehicle is the buffalo; he has two arms<\/p>\n<p>Yama is described in the Ni\u1e63pannayog\u0101val\u012b (<em>dharmadh\u0101tuv\u0101g\u012b\u015bvara-ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/em>) as follows:\u2014<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cIn the south, there is Yama riding on a Buffalo. He is blue in colour and holds in his two hands the staff of death and the <em>\u015b\u016bla<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n[Yama, the God of Death is fairly popular in Tibet where his images are found]\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdomlib Libary: Vajrayogini<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) is the name of the protector (<em>dikpati<\/em>) associated with <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/subhishana#tibetan-buddhism\">Subh\u012b\u1e63a\u1e47a<\/a>: the southern <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/shmashana#tibetan-buddhism\">cremation ground (<em>\u015bma\u015b\u0101na<\/em>)<\/a> according to the Vajrav\u0101r\u0101h\u012b-s\u0101dhana by Um\u0101patideva as found in te 12th century Guhyasamayas\u0101dhanam\u0101l\u0101. As a part of this <em>s\u0101dhana<\/em>, the practicioner is to visualize a suitable dwelling place for the goddess inside the circle of protection which takes the form of eight cremation grounds.<\/p>\n<p>These protectors (eg., Yama) are variously known as <em>dikpati<\/em>, <em>dikp\u0101la<\/em> and <em>lok\u0101pala<\/em> and can be traced to <em>pur\u0101\u1e47ic<\/em> legends where eight protectors are assigned to each direction by Brahm\u0101. According to the \u015ama\u015b\u0101navidhi verse 20, these protectors are in union with their wives and have four arms, two of which make the <em>a\u00f1jali<\/em> gesture of obeisance, while the second pair usually holds a skull bowl and a tantric weapon. They are variously depicted upon their respective mounts, or sitting at the base of the tree.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/37027839\/The_Structure_and_Meanings_of_the_Heruka_Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dala_in_the_Buddhist_%E1%B8%8C%C4%81k%C4%81r%E1%B9%87ava_Scriptural_Tradition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: academia.edu: The Structure and Meanings of the Heruka Ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1) Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to one of the eight direction-guardians (<em>dikp\u0101la<\/em>) of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/gunacakra#tibetan-buddhism\">Gu\u1e47acakra<\/a>, according to the 10th century <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/dakarnava#buddhism\">\u1e0c\u0101k\u0101r\u1e47ava<\/a> chapter 15. Accordingly, the <em>gu\u1e47acakra<\/em> refers to one of the four divisions of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/sahaja#tibetan-buddhism\"><em>sahaja-pu\u1e6da<\/em> (\u2018innate layer\u2019)<\/a>, situated within the <em>padma<\/em> (lotus) in the middle of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/herukamandala#buddhism\">Herukama\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/a>. Yama is associated with the charnel grounds (<em>\u015bma\u015b\u0101na<\/em>) named Vibh\u012b\u1e63a\u1e47a; with the tree (<em>v\u1e5bk\u1e63a<\/em>) named C\u016bta; with the serpent king (<em>n\u0101gendra<\/em>) named Padma and with the cloud king (<em>meghendra<\/em>) named \u0100varta.<\/p>\n<p>2) Yama (\u092f\u092e) also refers to one of the female world-guardians (<em>lokap\u0101lin\u012b<\/em>) of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/medinicakra#tibetan-buddhism\">Medin\u012bcakra<\/a>, according to the same work. Accordingly, the <em>medin\u012bcakra<\/em> refers to one of the three divisions of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/dharma#tibetan-buddhism\"><em>dharma-pu\u1e6da<\/em> (\u2018dharma layer\u2019)<\/a>, situated in the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/herukamandala#buddhism\">Herukama\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/a>. Yam\u0101 is associated with the charnel ground (<em>\u015bma\u015b\u0101na<\/em>) named Sa\u1e43tr\u0101sana; with the tree (<em>v\u1e5bk\u1e63a<\/em>) named Ak\u1e63i\u1e6daka; with a female serpent (<em>n\u0101gin\u012b<\/em>) and with a female cloud (<em>meghin\u012b<\/em>).<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Tibetan-Buddhism-tall-2.jpg\" alt=\"Tibetan Buddhism book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha\u2019s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (<em>vajray\u0101na<\/em>) are collected indepently.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Tibetan Buddhism from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Buddhist\/tibet\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"mahayana\">Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYaksha\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yaksha#mahayana\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Mahayana glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/mahayana\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamagupta\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamagupta#mahayana\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Mahayana homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/mahayana\">Mahayana glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/book\/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e) is part of the six groups of Gods inhabiting the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/kamadhatu#mahayana\">K\u0101madh\u0101tu<\/a> (the first of the three worlds), according to the 2nd century <a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra\/d\/doc225613.html\">Mah\u0101praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101\u015b\u0101stra chapter 32-34<\/a>. The six classes of gods of the desire realm (<em>k\u0101madh\u0101tu<\/em>), attached to the five desirable objects, will fall into the hells (<em>niraya<\/em>) and be subjected to all the sufferings.<\/p>\n<p>The Y\u0101ma gods represents one of the seven destination of rebirths in <em>k\u0101madh\u0101tu<\/em>, according to <a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra\/d\/doc226252.html\">chapter XLIX<\/a>, \u201c[&#8230;] another, of pure generosity and morality, who loves to learn and whose mind is gentle, is reborn among the Y\u0101ma gods\u201d.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Mahayana-Buddhism.jpg\" alt=\"Mahayana book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Mahayana (\u092e\u0939\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0928, mah\u0101y\u0101na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants\/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many <em>s\u016btras<\/em> of which some of the earliest are the various Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 s\u016btras.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Mahayana from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Buddhist\/mahayana\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"buddhism-general\">General definition (in Buddhism)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYakshinisadhana\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yakshinisadhana#buddhism-general\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Buddhism glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamantaka\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamantaka#buddhism-general\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Buddhism homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\">Buddhism glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Wisdom Library: Dharma-samgraha<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to the second of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/ashtalokapala#buddhism\">\u201ceight world protectors\u201d (<em>a\u1e63\u1e6dalokap\u0101la<\/em>)<\/a> as defined in the Dharma-sa\u1e43graha (section 8). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (eg., <em>a\u1e63\u1e6dalokap\u0101la<\/em> and <em>Yama<\/em>). The work is attributed to <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/nagarjuna#buddhism\">Nagarguna<\/a> who lived around the 2nd century A.D.<\/p>\n<p>Yama is, besides one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/definition\/ashtalokapala#buddhism\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u201ceight world protectors\u201d (<em>a\u1e63\u1e6dalokap\u0101la<\/em>)<\/a>, one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/definition\/dashalokapala#buddhism\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cten world protectors\u201d (<em>da\u015balokap\u0101la<\/em>)<\/a> and one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/definition\/caturdashalokapala#buddhism\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cfourteen world protectors\u201d (<em>caturda\u015balokap\u0101la<\/em>)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"jainism\" class=\"bookSubHeader\">In Jainism<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"jainism-general\">General definition (in Jainism)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYakshottama\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yakshottama#jainism-general\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Jainism glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/jainism\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamadanda\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadanda#jainism-general\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Jainism homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/jainism\">Jainism glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/in.ernet.dli.2015.507554\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: archive.org: The Jaina Iconography<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e) refers to one of the <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/dikpala#jainism\">Dikp\u0101la<\/a> or \u201cguardians of the quarters\u201d, a class of deities within Jainism commonly depicted in Jaina art and iconography.\u2014Yama, the god of death, who governs the south regions, is to be sculptured both according to the \u015avet\u0101mbaras and Digambaras, as riding on a buffalo and holding a staff. He is known to be the son of the sun and accompanied by his wife called Ch\u0101y\u0101. His chief function is not only to guard the south but also to pronounce judgment on merits and demerits of departed souls.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/portal-jainism.gif\" alt=\"General definition book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (<em>ahimsa<\/em>) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, <em>shramana<\/em>, \u2018self-reliance\u2019) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of General definition from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/History\/jainism\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h2 id=\"history\" class=\"bookSubHeader\">India history and geogprahy<\/h2>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYalpana\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yalpana#history\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to India history glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/history\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamaji\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaji#history\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto India history homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/history\">India history glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/scans\/PUIScan\/2014\/web\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama.\u2014(IE 7-1-2), \u2018two\u2019. Note: <em>yama<\/em> is defined in the \u201cIndian epigraphical glossary\u201d as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma.\u2014(EI 7-1-2), \u2018eight\u2019. Note: <em>y\u0101ma<\/em> is defined in the \u201cIndian epigraphical glossary\u201d as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/India-History-3.jpg\" alt=\"India history book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of India history from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/History\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h2 id=\"language\" class=\"bookSubHeader\">Languages of India and abroad<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"pali\">Pali-English dictionary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYam\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yam#pali\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Pali glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/pali\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamaduta\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaduta#pali\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Pali homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/pali\">Pali glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/www.budsas.org\/ebud\/dict-pe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>yama : <em>(m.) <\/em>the ruler of the kingdom of the dead. || y\u0101ma (m.), a watch of the night; 1\/3 of a night.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.sutta.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Sutta: The Pali Text Society&#8217;s Pali-English Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1) Yama, <sup>3<\/sup> (m. nt.) (Vedic yama=yama<sup>2<\/sup>; fr. <em>yam<\/em> in meaning \u201cto combine, \u201d cp. Av. y&amp;schwamacr; ma twin, Mir. emuin id. ) (nt.) a pair, (m.) a twin Abhp 628. See der. <em>yamaka<\/em>. (Page 551)<\/p>\n<p>2) Yama, <sup>2<\/sup> (Vedic Yama) the ruler of the kingdom of the dead. See details in Dicty. of Names. In cpds. often in general sense of \u201cdeath\u201d or \u201cmanes, \u201d or \u201cpet\u0101\u201d; e.g. <em>\u2014d\u016bta<\/em> Death\u2019s messenger <abbr title=\"Saddhammop\u0101yana\">Sdhp.<\/abbr> 287; cp. Yamassa d\u016bt\u0101 Vv 52<sup>2<\/sup> (see VvA. 224), or deva-d\u016bta <abbr title=\"A\u1e45guttara\">A.<\/abbr> I, 138 (see under d\u016bta), alias niraya-p\u0101la <abbr title=\"A\u1e45guttara\">A.<\/abbr> I, 138 and passim. <em>\u2014purisa<\/em> (a)=\u00b0d\u016bta <abbr title=\"Dhammapada\">Dh.<\/abbr> 235 (cp. DhA. III, 335); VvA. 223; (b) \u00b0puris\u0101 Yama-people, <em>i.e.<\/em> Petas Pv IV. 3<sup>3<\/sup> (cp. PvA. 251). <em>\u2014loka<\/em> the yama-world or world of the Petas <abbr title=\"Dhammapada\">Dh.<\/abbr> 44, 45; PvA. 107 &amp; frequent <em>\u2014visaya<\/em>=\u00b0loka <abbr title=\"Petavatthu\">Pv.<\/abbr> II, 8<sup>2<\/sup> &amp; passim. <em>\u2014s\u0101dana<\/em>Y\u2019s kingdom, or the realm of the dead <abbr title=\"J\u0101taka\">J.<\/abbr> VI, 267, 304; VI, 457, 505. (Page 550)<\/p>\n<p>3) Yama, <sup>1<\/sup> (fr. <em>yam<\/em>) restraint PvA. 98 (+niyama). (Page 550)<\/p>\n<p>\u2014 or \u2014<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma, (fr. <em>yam<\/em> in both meanings of yamati &amp; yama<sup>3<\/sup>) 1. restraint, only as cpd. <em>c\u0101tu-y\u0101ma<\/em> 4\u2014fold restraint <abbr title=\"D\u012bgha\">D.<\/abbr> I, 57; III, 48; <abbr title=\"Sa\u1e43yutta\">S.<\/abbr> I, 66; <abbr title=\"Majjhima\">M.<\/abbr> I, 377; <abbr title=\"Visuddhi-magga\">Vism.<\/abbr> 416. <abbr title=\"Cariy\u0101-pi\u1e6daka\">Cp.<\/abbr> <abbr title=\"Dialogues\">Dial.<\/abbr> I. 75<sup>1<\/sup>.\u20142. a watch of the night. There are 3 watches, given as <em>pa\u1e6dhama<\/em>, <em>majjhima <\/em>&amp;<em> pacchima<\/em> (first, middle &amp; last) <abbr title=\"Mah\u0101niddesa\">Nd<sup>1<\/sup><\/abbr>377 sq.; or <em>purima<\/em>, <em>m<\/em>. &amp;<em> pacchima<\/em> <abbr title=\"Cullaniddesa\">Nd<sup>2<\/sup><\/abbr> 631 (under sad\u0101).\u2014<abbr title=\"A\u1e45guttara\">A.<\/abbr> I, 114; IV, 168; <abbr title=\"Dhammapada\">Dh.<\/abbr> 157 (one of the 3; interpreted as the 3 vayas at DhA. III, 138); <abbr title=\"J\u0101taka\">J.<\/abbr> I, 243 (t\u012bsu y\u0101mesu ekasmi\u1e43 y\u0101me); Mhvs 21, 33; PvA. 217, 280.\u20143. (usually pl. Y\u0101m\u0101 dev\u0101) one who belongs to Yama or the ruler of the Underworld; a subject of Yama; the realm of Yama;\u2014 pl. inhabitants of Yamaloka <abbr title=\"A\u1e45guttara\">A.<\/abbr> I, 210 (y\u0101m\u0101 dev\u0101); SnA 244 (\u00b0bhavana the abode of the Y.); KhA 166 (Y\u0101mato y\u0101va Akani\u1e6d\u1e6dha\u1e43 from the Underworld to the Highest Heaven); <abbr title=\"Visuddhi-magga\">Vism.<\/abbr> 225 (Y\u0101m\u0101); VbhA. 519 (Y\u0101m\u0101); VvA. 246 (id.); ThA. 169 (Y. dev\u0101).<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix split\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"context\" src=\"file:\/\/\/uploads\/a\/Pali-tall.jpg\" alt=\"Pali book cover\" \/><\/p>\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Pali is the language of the Tipi\u1e6daka, which is the sacred canon of Therav\u0101da Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha\u2019s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Pali from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/Buddhist\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"marathi\">Marathi-English dictionary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYalamma\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yalamma#marathi\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Marathi glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/marathi\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamabadha\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabadha#marathi\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Marathi homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/marathi\">Marathi glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/dsal.uchicago.edu\/dictionaries\/molesworth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014m (S) Yama, the deity that judges the dead, and sends them, according to their deeds, to Swarg or Narak, Elysium or Tartarus. He corresponds with Pluto or Minos. In common use Yama is understood simply as the Punisher of the wicked. 2 Hence applied to a fierce, savage, pitiless man. <em>yam\u0101c\u0113\u1e43 bul\u0101vi\u1e47\u0113\u1e43 <\/em>The summons of Yama; the call of Death. 2 fig. A summons from a very rigorous or severe person; any irresistible, imperative, and strongly disagreeable call or occasion.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014m S Restraining, confining, controlling. (As distinguished from <em>niyama <\/em>Any religious and voluntary observance.) Restraint or government of the senses, affections, and passions. 2 The eight great observances or courses incumbent upon one who would work out his salvation (i. e. emancipation from personality and absorption into Brahma) are <em>yama, niyama, \u0101sana, pr\u0101\u1e47\u0101y\u0101ma, praty\u0101h\u0101ra, dhy\u0101na, dh\u0101ra\u1e47\u0101, sam\u0101dhi<\/em>. 3 A common term for five great acts or excellencies; viz. Refraining from violence, patience, sincerity, obedience to a Guru, observance of all purificatory ceremonies.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014a S Twin, fellow, one of a pair or brace.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014m S The eighth part of a day; a watch of three hours. 2 Forbearance. 3 Cessation or desisting.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"http:\/\/dsal.uchicago.edu\/dictionaries\/vaze\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014<i>m<\/i> The god of hell. A pitiless man. Confining, restraining. <em>yam\u0101c\u0113\u1e43 b\u014dl\u0101va\u1e47\u0113\u1e43<\/em> The call of death. <em>yam\u0101cy\u0101 d\u0101\u1e0dh\u0113nta pa\u1e0da\u1e47\u0113\u1e43-asa\u1e47\u0113\u1e43<\/em> Be under or fall under some great tormentor or trouble.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014<i>a<\/i> Twin, fellow.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014<i>m<\/i> The eighth part of a day Forbearance.<\/p>\n<section class=\"suffix\">\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Marathi is an\u00a0Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Marathi from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h3 id=\"sanskrit\">Sanskrit-English dictionary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"row justify-content-between cat-toolbar\">\n<div class=\"col-12 col-md-auto\"><small>[<a title=\"Goto \u201cYam\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yam#sanskrit\">\u00abprevious<\/a> <a title=\"Jump to Sanskrit glossary starting with y\" href=\"file:\/\/\/sanskrit\/glossary\/y\">(Y)<\/a> <a title=\"Goto \u201cYamabhadra\u201d definition\" href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabhadra#sanskrit\">next\u00bb<\/a>] \u2014 Yama in <a title=\"Goto Sanskrit homepage\" href=\"file:\/\/\/sanskrit\">Sanskrit glossary<\/a><\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu\/dictionaries\/apte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014<i>a.<\/i> [<em>yam-gha\u00f1<\/em>]\n<p><span class=\"b\">1)<\/span> Twin, twinborn.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">2)<\/span> Coupled.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">-ma\u1e25 1<\/span> Restraining, controlling, curbing; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u092e\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u0947\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0903 (<em>yamo r\u0101j\u0101 dh\u0101rmik\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e43 m\u0101ndh\u0101ta\u1e25 parame\u015bvara\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> Mb.12.91.42.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">2)<\/span> Control, restraint.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">3)<\/span> Self control.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">4)<\/span> Any great moral or religious duty or observance (opp. <em>niyama<\/em>); <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0902 \u092f\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0924\u092a\u094b\u093d\u092e\u0941\u0928\u0948\u0935 (<em>tapta\u1e43 yamena niyamena tapo&#8217;munaiva<\/em>)<\/span> N.13.16; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u092e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0915\u0943\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0917\u0903 (<em>yamaniyamak\u1e5b\u015b\u012bk\u1e5btasthir\u0101\u1e45ga\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> Ki.1. 1. (<em>yama<\/em> and <em>niyama<\/em> are thus distinguished:-<em>\u015bar\u012bras\u0101dhan\u0101pek\u1e63a\u1e43 nitya\u1e43 yat karma tad yama\u1e25 | niyamastu sa yat karma nityam\u0101gantus\u0101dhanam<\/em> || Ak.2.49; See Malli. on \u015ai.13.23 and Ki.1.1 also. The <i>yamas<\/i> are usually said to be ten, but, their names are given differently by different writers; <i>e. g.<\/i> <em>brahmacarya\u1e43 day\u0101 k\u1e63\u0101ntird\u0101na\u1e43 satyamakalkat\u0101 | ahi\u1e43s\u0101&#8217;steyam\u0101dhurye dama\u015bceti yam\u0101\u1e25 sm\u1e5bt\u0101\u1e25<\/em> || Y.3.312; or <em>\u0101n\u1e5b\u015ba\u1e43sya\u1e43 day\u0101 satyamahi\u1e43s\u0101 k\u1e63\u0101ntir\u0101rjavam | pr\u012bti\u1e25 pras\u0101do m\u0101dhurya\u1e43 m\u0101rdava\u1e43 ca yam\u0101 da\u015ba<\/em> || sometimes only five <i>yamas<\/i> are mentioned:-<em>ahi\u1e43s\u0101 satyavacana\u1e43 brahmacaryamakalkat\u0101 | asteyamiti pa\u00f1caite yam\u0101khy\u0101ni vrat\u0101ni ca<\/em> ||).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">5)<\/span> The first of the eight <i>a\u1e45gas.<\/i> or means of attaining Yoga; the eight <i>a\u1e45gas<\/i> are:-<span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u092e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0938\u0928\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093e\u092f\u093e\u092e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u092f\u094b\u093d- \u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f (<em>yamaniyam\u0101sanapr\u0101\u1e47\u0101y\u0101mapraty\u0101h\u0101radh\u0101ra\u1e47\u0101dhy\u0101nasam\u0101dhayo&#8217;- \u1e63\u1e6d\u0101\u1e45g\u0101ni<\/em>)<\/span>; \u015a\u0101ndilya Up.1.1.2.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">6)<\/span> The god of death, death personified, regarded as a son of the sun; he presides over the <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0943 (<em>pit\u1e5b<\/em>)<\/span>s and rules the spirits of the dead; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u092d\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u093f \u092f\u092e\u093e\u0926\u092a\u093f \u0926\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0947 (<em>datt\u0101bhaye tvayi yam\u0101dapi da\u1e47\u1e0dadh\u0101re<\/em>)<\/span> U.2.11.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">7)<\/span> A twin; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092f\u092e\u094c \u091a (<em>dharm\u0101tmaja\u1e43 prati yamau ca<\/em>)<\/span> (<i>i. e.<\/i> <em>nakulasahadevau<\/em>) <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0915\u0925\u0948\u0935 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f (<em>kathaiva n\u0101sti<\/em>)<\/span> Ve.2.25; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u092e\u092f\u094b- \u0936\u094d\u091a\u0948\u0935 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0947\u0937\u0941 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u094b \u091c\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0924\u093e (<em>yamayo- \u015bcaiva garbhe\u1e63u janmato jye\u1e63\u1e6dhat\u0101 mat\u0101<\/em>)<\/span> Ms.9.126.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">8)<\/span> One of a pair or couple, a fellow.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">9)<\/span> Name of Saturn.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">1)<\/span> A crow.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">11)<\/span> A symbolical expression for the number &#8216;two&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">12)<\/span> Ved. A rein, bridle; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u094b \u0928\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0903 (<em>p\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6dhe sado nasoryama\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> \u1e5av.5. 61.2.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">13)<\/span> Ved. A driver, charioteer; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902 \u0930\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902 \u092f\u092e\u092e\u094d (<em>agni\u1e43 rath\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 yamam<\/em>)<\/span> \u1e5av.8.13.1.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">14)<\/span> Name of a deity who chastises beings for their misdeeds; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u092e\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0902 \u091a \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0902 \u091a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u091c\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0924\u0903 (<em>yama\u1e43 k\u0101la\u1e43 ca m\u1e5btyu\u1e43 ca svarga\u1e43 sa\u1e43p\u016bjya c\u0101rhata\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> Mb.12.2.3.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">-mam 1<\/span> A pair or couple.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">2)<\/span> (In gram.) The twin letter of any consonant.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">3)<\/span> Pitch of the voice.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">-m\u012b<\/span> Name of the river Yamun\u0101.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">-mau<\/span> (<i>m.<\/i> du.)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">1)<\/span> Twins; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0915\u0925\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u092e\u0947\u0924\u094c \u0927\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092f\u092e\u094c \u092f\u092e\u094c (<em>katha\u1e43 tvametau dh\u1e5btisa\u1e43yamau yamau<\/em>)<\/span> Ki.1. 36.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">2)<\/span> Name of the A\u015bvins; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u092e\u094c \u092f\u092e\u094b\u092a\u092e\u094c \u091a\u0948\u0935 \u0926\u0926\u094c \u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u0936\u0903 (<em>yamau yamopamau caiva dadau d\u0101n\u0101nyaneka\u015ba\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> Mb.14.61.38.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">3)<\/span> Nakula and Sahadeva; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092d\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0928\u092f\u092e\u093e- \u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u092a\u093f \u0924\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0930\u0947 (<em>bh\u012bm\u0101rjunayam\u0101- \u015bc\u0101pi tadyukta\u1e43 pratipedire<\/em>)<\/span> Mb.3.6.14. \u00b0<span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092e\u0948\u0925\u0941\u0928\u094c (<em>maithunau<\/em>)<\/span> twins of different sex.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014<i>a.<\/i> (<span class=\"b\">&#8211;<em>m\u012b<\/em><\/span> <i>f.<\/i>) Relating to Yama; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0924\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0903 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0947\u0939 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0903 (<em>ten\u0101nubh\u016byat\u0101 y\u0101m\u012b\u1e25 \u015bar\u012bre\u1e47eha y\u0101tan\u0101\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> Ms.12.17; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092e\u093e \u092d\u0948\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0928\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0927\u093e \u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0930\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0903 (<em>m\u0101 bhairmanda mano vicintya bahudh\u0101 y\u0101m\u012b\u015bcira\u1e43 y\u0101tan\u0101\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> Mukundam\u0101l\u0101 1.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014[<em>yam-gha\u00f1<\/em>]\n<p><span class=\"b\">1)<\/span> Restraint, forbearance, control; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0903 \u0938\u0941\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0937\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0915\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0903 (<em>lekh\u0101\u1e25 suy\u0101m\u0101stu\u1e63it\u0101 brahmak\u0101y\u0101\u1e25<\/em>)<\/span> Mb.13.18.74.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">2)<\/span> A watch, one eighth part of a day, a period of three hours; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u0905\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0924\u0917\u0924\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0924\u094d (<em>aviditagatay\u0101m\u0101 r\u0101trireva vyara\u1e43s\u012bt<\/em>)<\/span> U.1.27; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0926\u094d \u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0940\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0926\u092e\u093f\u0935 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e (<em>pa\u015bcim\u0101d y\u0101min\u012by\u0101m\u0101t pras\u0101damiva cetan\u0101<\/em>)<\/span> R.17.1; so <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0935\u0924\u0940, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093e (<em>y\u0101mavat\u012b, triy\u0101m\u0101<\/em>)<\/span> &amp;c.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">3)<\/span> Going, proceeding.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">4)<\/span> Motion, course.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">5)<\/span> Ved. A road.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">6)<\/span> Progress.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">7)<\/span> A car, carriage.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"b\">8)<\/span> A class of gods; <span data-lang=\"skt\">\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0948\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u093d\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0924\u094d \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u092a\u092e\u094d (<em>y\u0101mai\u1e25 pariv\u1e5bto devairhatv\u0101&#8217;\u015b\u0101sat trivi\u1e63\u1e6dapam<\/em>)<\/span> Bh\u0101g.8.1.18.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Derivable forms: <em>y\u0101ma\u1e25<\/em> (\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0903).<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/scans\/BHSScan\/2014\/web\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014(1) name of a n\u0101ga: <abbr title=\"Cited by numbered entries in ed. of Sakaki, Kyoto, 1916, with Sanskrit and Tibetan Indexes, 1925 and 1936; some variants are cited from Mironov (2d ed. of Minaef\u00ee, which is cited in BR and pw), St. Petersburg, 1910-11. Tibetan version cited from Sakaki; also translations of many Chinese and Japanese renderings ibidem.\">Mah\u0101vyutpatti<\/abbr> 3328; (2) <abbr title=\"masculine.\">m.<\/abbr> <abbr title=\"plural.\">pl.<\/abbr>, name of a class of gods, = Y\u0101ma: <abbr title=\"Bodhisattvabh\u016bmi, ed. Wogihara, Tokyo, 1930\u201436. Includes the editor\u2019s dissertation, Lexikalisches aus der Rodhisattvabh\u016bmi, which is referred to as Wogihara, Lex.\">Bodhisattvabh\u016bmi<\/abbr> 62.1 (unless misprint for y\u0101m\u0101\u1e43s; in standard list of god-classes, see deva); (3) name of a r\u0101k\u1e63asa king: <abbr title=\"(\u0100rya-)Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012bm\u016blakalpa, ed. Ga\u1e47apati \u015a\u0101stri, 3 vols., Trivandrum, 1920, 1922, 1925. See Lalou, in the following list of abbreviations.\">(\u0100rya-)Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012bm\u016blakalpa<\/abbr> 17.28 and 18.1 (twice in the same list!); but probably both [compound] with the next following name, which in 17.28 is printed Ghibh\u012b\u1e63a\u1e47a (! read Yama- vibh\u012b\u00b0), in 18.1 Gha\u1e47\u1e6da.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014(1) <abbr title=\"masculine.\">m.<\/abbr>, regularly <abbr title=\"plural.\">pl.<\/abbr> (= Pali id.), name of a class of k\u0101m\u0101vacara gods, see <abbr title=\"under the word(s).\">s.v.<\/abbr> deva: <abbr title=\"Mah\u0101vastu, ed. Senart, Paris, 1882, 1890, 1897. The first volume of Jones\u2019s translation (London, 1949) appeared, to my regret, too late to be much used (I received it in 1950).\">Mah\u0101vastu<\/abbr> i.33.3; 40.15; 212.15; 229.15; 240.4; 333.6; ii.16.4; 163.11; 359.21; iii.319.13; <abbr title=\"Lalitavistara, ed. Lefmann, Halle, 1902; Critical Apparatus, 1908; abbreviated Lefm.; \u2018Calc.\u2019 = ed. of Rajendralala Mitra, Calcutta, 1877; transl. Foucaux, Annales du Mus\u00e9e Guimet 6, and Notes, 19; Tibetan version (partial), with transl., by Foucaux, Paris, 1847; Weller \u2014 F. Weller, Zum Lalita Vistara, I. \u00dcber die Prosa des Lai. Vist., Leipzig, 1915.\">Lalitavistara<\/abbr> 45.9; 46.20; 150.3; 219.8; 327.18; 364.15 (see <abbr title=\"under the word(s).\">s.v.<\/abbr> Suy\u0101ma); 396.14; 401.9 <abbr title=\"feminine; following.\">f.<\/abbr>; <abbr title=\"Cited by numbered entries in ed. of Sakaki, Kyoto, 1916, with Sanskrit and Tibetan Indexes, 1925 and 1936; some variants are cited from Mironov (2d ed. of Minaef\u00ee, which is cited in BR and pw), St. Petersburg, 1910-11. Tibetan version cited from Sakaki; also translations of many Chinese and Japanese renderings ibidem.\">Mah\u0101vyutpatti<\/abbr> 3080; <abbr title=\"Dharmasa\u1e43graha, ed. M\u00fcller, Oxford, 1885. Cited by section numbers.\">Dharmasa\u1e43graha<\/abbr> 127; <abbr title=\"Divy\u0101vad\u0101na, ed. Cowell and Neil, Cambridge, 1886.\">Divy\u0101vad\u0101na<\/abbr> 68.13; 140.12; 367.10; <abbr title=\"Avad\u0101na-\u015bataka, ed. Speyer, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1902, 1906; transl. Feer, Annales du Mus\u00e9e Guimet 18 (1891).\">Avad\u0101na-\u015bataka<\/abbr> i.5.1; <abbr title=\"Suvar\u1e47abh\u0101sottamas\u016btra, ed. Nobel, Leipzig, 1937; Tibetan version, ed. same, Leiden and Stuttgart, 1944.\">Suvar\u1e47abh\u0101sottamas\u016btra<\/abbr> 86.9; <abbr title=\"(\u0100rya-)Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012bm\u016blakalpa, ed. Ga\u1e47apati \u015a\u0101stri, 3 vols., Trivandrum, 1920, 1922, 1925. See Lalou, in the following list of abbreviations.\">(\u0100rya-)Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012bm\u016blakalpa<\/abbr> 19.12, etc.; as <abbr title=\"singular.\">sg.<\/abbr>, one of this class, presumably = [Page447-a+ 71] Suy\u0101ma, q.v., y\u0101me\u1e63u\u2026y\u0101masya devasya putro <abbr title=\"Divy\u0101vad\u0101na, ed. Cowell and Neil, Cambridge, 1886.\">Divy\u0101vad\u0101na<\/abbr> 140.12; (2) <abbr title=\"neuter.\">nt.<\/abbr>, a high number: <abbr title=\"Ga\u1e47\u1e0davy\u016bha, ed. Suzuki and Idzumi, Kyoto, 1934-36; 2d ed., photographically reproduced with corrections, 1949.\">Ga\u1e47\u1e0davy\u016bha<\/abbr> 133.2 <abbr title=\"feminine; following.\">f.<\/abbr> (cited <abbr title=\"Cited by numbered entries in ed. of Sakaki, Kyoto, 1916, with Sanskrit and Tibetan Indexes, 1925 and 1936; some variants are cited from Mironov (2d ed. of Minaef\u00ee, which is cited in BR and pw), St. Petersburg, 1910-11. Tibetan version cited from Sakaki; also translations of many Chinese and Japanese renderings ibidem.\">Mah\u0101vyutpatti<\/abbr> as poma, q.v.).<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/scans\/SHSScan\/2014\/web\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014mfn.<\/p>\n<p>(<em data-lang=\"skt\">-ma\u1e25-m\u0101-ma\u1e43<\/em>) Twin, fellow, one of the pair or brace. m.<\/p>\n<p>(<em data-lang=\"skt\">-ma\u1e25<\/em>) 1. Restraining, controlling. 2. Forbearance, refraining. 3. Cessation, stop, conclusion, finish. 4. Religious restraint or obligation, considered the first of the eight steps of Yoga. 5. Penance, purification, the performance of those acts which remove impurity of any kind. 6. Any of the five acts or virtues, which constitute pure characters, as refraining from violence or injury, patience, sincerity, obedience to a spiritual teacher, and the observance of all purificatory ceremonies. 7. A festival. 8. A crow. 9. A name of the planet Saturn. 10. Yama, the deity of Naraka or hell, where his capital is placed, in which he sits in judgment on the dead, and distributes rewards and punishments, sending the good to Swarga, and the wicked to the division of Naraka or Tartarus appropriated to their crimes: he corresponds with the Grecian god Pluto, and the judge of hell Minos, and in Hindu mythology often identified with Death and Time: he is the son of Surya, or the sun, and brother of the personified Ya- Muna or Jamuna river. n. (<em data-lang=\"skt\">-ma<\/em>) A brace, a couple, a pair. f. (<em data-lang=\"skt\">-m\u012b<\/em>) The Yamuna river. E. <em data-lang=\"skt\">yam<\/em> to restrain, &amp;c., aff. <em data-lang=\"skt\">ac, gha\u00f1<\/em> or <em data-lang=\"skt\">ap .<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014mfn.<\/p>\n<p>(<em data-lang=\"skt\">-ma\u1e25-m\u012b-ma\u1e43<\/em>) Relating to Yama, done by him, ordered by him, &amp;c. m.<\/p>\n<p>(<em data-lang=\"skt\">-ma\u1e25<\/em>) 1. The eighth part of a day, a watch of three hours. 2. Forbearance. 3. Cessation, term. E. <em data-lang=\"skt\">y\u0101<\/em> to go, (through the day,) <em data-lang=\"skt\">man<\/em> Unadi aff.; or <em data-lang=\"skt\">yam<\/em> to restrain, aff. <em data-lang=\"skt\">gha\u00f1;<\/em> or <em data-lang=\"skt\">yam,<\/em> and <em data-lang=\"skt\">a\u1e47<\/em> aff.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/scans\/BENScan\/2020\/web\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u2014[<em>yam + a<\/em>], I. adj. sbst. Twin, one of a pair. du. The twins, [<abbr title=\"Draupad\u012bpram\u0101tha, an episode of the MBh., ed. Bopp.\">Draupad\u012bpram\u0101tha<\/abbr>] 6, 29. Ii. m. 1. Restraining. 2. Taming of passion, [Ved\u0101ntas\u0101ra, (in my Chrestomathy.)] in Chr. 217, 14. 3. Moral duty, [<abbr title=\"M\u0101navadharma\u015b\u0101stra, ed. Haughton and Lois. (i. e. Loiseleur Deslongchamps). Where there is a numeral in brackets, it denotes the verse of Jones\u2019 translation.\">M\u0101navadharma\u015b\u0101stra<\/abbr>] 4, 204. 4. Penance. 5. A festival. 6. Yama, the judge of the deceased ones, ruler of the infernal regions, [<abbr title=\"R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47a, the two first books after the ed. of Schlegel; when that of Gorresio is meant, there is added Gorr.; the remaining books after Gorresio's.\">R\u0101m\u0101ya\u1e47a<\/abbr>] 2, 54, 28; god of death, [<abbr title=\"Pa\u00f1catantra, ed. Kosegarten; the numerals are used on the same system as in Hit. When there is added \u2018ed. orn.,\u2019 it denotes the fragment of the recensio ornatior, published by Kosegarten.\">Pa\u00f1catantra<\/abbr>] 247, 8. 7. A crow. 8. A name of the planet Saturn. Iii. f. <em>m\u012b<\/em>, The Yamun\u0101. Iv. n. A pair.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u2014I. i. e. <em>y\u0101 + ma<\/em>, m. Going, march, Chr. 293, 3 = [Rigveda.] i. 87, 3; Chr. 287, 4 = [Rigveda.] i. 48, 4 (approaching, rising). Ii. i. e. <em>yama + a<\/em>, adj., f. <em>m\u012b<\/em>. 1. Relating to Yama. 2. Inflicted by Yama, [<abbr title=\"M\u0101navadharma\u015b\u0101stra, ed. Haughton and Lois. (i. e. Loiseleur Deslongchamps). Where there is a numeral in brackets, it denotes the verse of Jones\u2019 translation.\">M\u0101navadharma\u015b\u0101stra<\/abbr>] 12, 17. Iii. i. e. <em>yam + a<\/em>, m. 1. Forbearance. 2. Cessation. 3. A watch of three hours, [<abbr title=\"M\u0101navadharma\u015b\u0101stra, ed. Haughton and Lois. (i. e. Loiseleur Deslongchamps). Where there is a numeral in brackets, it denotes the verse of Jones\u2019 translation.\">M\u0101navadharma\u015b\u0101stra<\/abbr>] 7, 145.<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/scans\/CAEScan\/2020\/web\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u20141. [masculine] holder, i.e. bridle or driver; restraint, self-control, any paramount moral duty or observance (ph.).<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Yama (\u092f\u092e).\u20142. ([feminine] <em data-lang=\"skt\">\u0101<\/em> &amp; <em data-lang=\"skt\">\u012b<\/em>) paired, twin; [masculine] a twin ([dual] twins), [Name] of a god, either the Twin (with his sister <em data-lang=\"skt\">yam\u012b<\/em>[feminine]) or the Restrainer, the god of death. [neuter] pair, twin letter ([grammar])<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u20141. [masculine] close, end.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u20142. [feminine] <em data-lang=\"skt\">\u012b<\/em> belonging to or coming from Yama.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; OR &#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e).\u20143. [masculine] course, going, way, progress; carriage, chariot; watch of the night (3 hours).<\/p>\n<p><cite><a title=\"goto glossary\/dictionary page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de\/scans\/MWScan\/2020\/web\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Source<\/a>: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary<\/cite><\/p>\n<p>1) Yama (\u092f\u092e):\u2014[from <em>yam<\/em>] <abbr title=\"masculine gender\">m.<\/abbr> a rein, curb, bridle, [\u1e5ag-veda v, 61, 2]\n<p>2) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] a driver, charioteer, [ib. viii, 103, 10]\n<p>3) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] the act of checking or curbing, suppression, restraint (with <em data-lang=\"skt\">v\u0101c\u0101m<\/em>, restraint of words, silence), [Bh\u0101gavata-pur\u0101\u1e47a]\n<p>4) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] self-control forbearance, any great moral rule or duty (as opp. to <em data-lang=\"skt\">niyama<\/em>, a minor observance; in [Y\u0101j\u00f1avalkya iii, 313] ten Yamas are mentioned, sometimes only five), [Manu-sm\u1e5bti; Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata] etc.<\/p>\n<p>5) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] (in Yoga) self-restraint (as the first of the eight A\u1e45gas or means of attaining mental concentration), [Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams 93]\n<p>6) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] any rule or observance, [P\u0101raskara-g\u1e5bhya-s\u016btra]\n<p>7) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] mf(<em data-lang=\"skt\">\u0101<\/em> or <em data-lang=\"skt\">\u012b<\/em>)<abbr title=\"neuter gender\">n.<\/abbr> twin-born, twin, forming a pair, [\u1e5ag-veda] etc. etc.<\/p>\n<p>8) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] <abbr title=\"masculine gender\">m.<\/abbr> a twin, one of a pair or couple, a fellow ([dual number] \u2018the twins\u2019 <abbr title=\"Name (also title or epithet)\">Name<\/abbr> of the A\u015bvins and of their twin children by M\u0101dr\u012b, called Nakula and Saha-deva; <em data-lang=\"skt\">yamau mithunau<\/em>, twins of different sex), [ib.]\n<p>9) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] a symbolical <abbr title=\"Name (also title or epithet)\">Name<\/abbr> for the number \u2018two\u2019 [Hem\u0101dri\u2019s Caturvarga-cint\u0101ma\u1e47i]\n<p>10) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] <abbr title=\"Name (also title or epithet)\">Name<\/abbr> of the god who presides over the Pit\u1e5bs (<abbr title=\"quod vide.\">q.v.<\/abbr>) and rules the spirits of the dead, [\u1e5ag-veda] etc. etc., [Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams 18; 197, 198 etc.; <abbr title=\"Religious Thought and Life in India, also called \u2018Br\u0101hmanism and Hind\u016bism\u2019, by Sir M. Monier-Williams\">Religious Thought and Life in India<\/abbr> 10; 16; 289 etc.] (he is regarded as the first of men and born from Vivasvat, \u2018the Sun\u2019, and his wife Sara\u1e47y\u016b; while his brother, the seventh Manu, another form of the first man, is the son of Vivasvat and Sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101, the image of Sara\u1e47y\u016b; his twin-sister is Yam\u012b, with whom he resists sexual alliance, but by whom he is mourned after his death, so that the gods, to make her forget her sorrow, create night; in the Veda he is called a king or <em data-lang=\"skt\">sa\u1e43gamano jan\u0101n\u0101m<\/em>, \u2018the gatherer of men\u2019, and rules over the departed fathers in heaven, the road to which is guarded by two broad-nosed, four-eyed, spotted dogs, the children of \u015aaram\u0101 <abbr title=\"quod vide.\">q.v.<\/abbr>; in Post-vedic mythology he is the appointed Judge and \u2018Restrainer\u2019 or \u2018Punisher\u2019 of the dead, in which capacity he is also called <em data-lang=\"skt\">dharmar\u0101ja<\/em> or <em data-lang=\"skt\">dharma<\/em>and corresponds to the Greek Pluto and to Minos; his abode is in some region of the lower world called Yama-pura; thither a soul when it leaves the body, is said to repair, and there, after the recorder, Citra-gupta, has read an account of its actions kept in a book called Agra-sa\u1e43dh\u0101n\u0101, it receives a just sentence; in [Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata] Yama is described as dressed in blood-red garments, with a glittering form, a crown on his head, glowing eyes and like Varu\u1e47a, holding a noose, with which he binds the spirit after drawing it from the body, in size about the measure of a man\u2019s thumb; he is otherwise represented as grim in aspect, green in colour, clothed in red, riding on a buffalo, and holding a club in one hand and noose in the other; in the later mythology he is always represented as a terrible deity inflicting tortures, called <em data-lang=\"skt\">y\u0101tan\u0101<\/em>, on departed spirits ; he is also one of the 8 guardians of the world as regent of the South quarter; he is the regent of the Nak\u1e63atra Apa-bhara\u1e47\u012b or Bhara\u1e47\u012b, the supposed author of [\u1e5ag-veda x, 10; 14], of a hymn to Vi\u1e63\u1e47u and of a law-book; <em data-lang=\"skt\">yamasy\u0101rka\u1e25<\/em> <abbr title=\"Name (also title or epithet)\">Name<\/abbr> of a S\u0101man, [\u0100r\u1e63eya-br\u0101hma\u1e47a])<\/p>\n<p>11) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] <abbr title=\"Name (also title or epithet)\">Name<\/abbr> of the planet Saturn (regarded as the son of Vivasvat and Ch\u0101y\u0101), [Hariva\u1e43\u015ba; Bh\u0101gavata-pur\u0101\u1e47a]\n<p>12) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] of one of Skanda\u2019s attendants (mentioned together with Ati-yama), [Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata]\n<p>13) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] a crow, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi\u1e43ha, hal\u0101yudha, hemacandra, etc.] (<abbr title=\"confer\/compare\">cf.<\/abbr> <em data-lang=\"skt\">-d\u016btaka<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>14) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] a bad horse (whose limbs are either too small or too large), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi\u1e43ha, hal\u0101yudha, hemacandra, etc.]\n<p>15) [from <em>yam<\/em>] <abbr title=\"neuter gender\">n.<\/abbr> a pair, brace, couple, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi\u1e43ha, hal\u0101yudha, hemacandra, etc.]\n<p>16) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] (in gram.) a twin-letter (the consonant interposed and generally understood, but not written in practice, between a nasal immediately preceded by one of the four other consonants in each class), [Pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khya; Pata\u00f1jali on P\u0101\u1e47ini 1-1, 8]\n<p>17) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] pitch of the voice, tone of utterance, key, [Pr\u0101ti\u015b\u0101khya]\n<p>18) Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e):\u2014[from <em>y\u0101<\/em>] 1. <em data-lang=\"skt\">y\u0101ma<\/em> <abbr title=\"masculine gender\">m.<\/abbr> (for 2. See below, for 3. See p. 851, col. 3) motion, course, going, progress, [\u1e5ag-veda; Atharva-veda; Br\u0101hma\u1e47a]\n<p>19) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] a road, way, path, [ib.]\n<p>20) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] a carriage, chariot, [\u1e5ag-veda]\n<p>21) Y\u0101m\u0101 (\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093e):\u2014[from <em>y\u0101ma &gt; y\u0101<\/em>] <abbr title=\"feminine\">f.<\/abbr> a night-watch, period or watch of 3 hours, the 8th part of a day, [Manu-sm\u1e5bti; Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata] etc.<\/p>\n<p>22) [<abbr title=\"vide supra: \u2018see above\u2019\">v.s.<\/abbr> &#8230;] [plural] <abbr title=\"Name (also title or epithet)\">Name<\/abbr> of a [particular] class of gods, [Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata; Hariva\u1e43\u015ba; Pur\u0101\u1e47a] (<em data-lang=\"skt\">yama-sy\u0101rka\u1e25<\/em> [wrong reading] for <em data-lang=\"skt\">yam<\/em> <abbr title=\"quod vide.\">q.v.<\/abbr>)<\/p>\n<p>23) Y\u0101ma (\u092f\u093e\u092e):\u2014[from <em>y\u0101<\/em>] 2. <em data-lang=\"skt\">y\u0101ma<\/em> in [compound] for 2. <em data-lang=\"skt\">y\u0101man<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>24) 3. <em data-lang=\"skt\">y\u0101ma<\/em> <abbr title=\"masculine gender\">m.<\/abbr> (\u221a<em data-lang=\"skt\">yam<\/em>; for 1. 2. <em data-lang=\"skt\">y\u0101ma<\/em> See p. 850, col. 1) cessation, end, [Taittir\u012bya-sa\u1e43hit\u0101]\n<p>25) restraint, forbearance (= <em data-lang=\"skt\">yama<\/em>, <em data-lang=\"skt\">sa\u1e43yama<\/em>), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi\u1e43ha, hal\u0101yudha, hemacandra, etc.]\n<p>26) mf(<em data-lang=\"skt\">\u012b<\/em>)<abbr title=\"neuter gender\">n.<\/abbr> ([from] <em data-lang=\"skt\">yama<\/em>, of which it is also the V\u1e5bddhi form in [compound]) relating to or derived from or destined for Yama, [Br\u0101hma\u1e47a; Kau\u015bika-s\u016btra; Manu-sm\u1e5bti]\n<p>27) <abbr title=\"neuter gender\">n.<\/abbr> <abbr title=\"Name (also title or epithet)\">Name<\/abbr> of various S\u0101mans, [\u0100r\u1e63eya-br\u0101hma\u1e47a]\n<section class=\"suffix\">\n<header><em>context information<\/em><\/header>\n<p>Sanskrit, also spelled \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u092e\u094d (<em>sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam<\/em>), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family. Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.<\/p>\n<div class=\"spacer\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<footer>\n<p>Discover the meaning of <em>yama<\/em> in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exoticindiaart.com\/book\/aff11436\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Exotic India <i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/section>\n<h2 id=\"relevant-definitions\" class=\"bookSubHeader mb-3\">See also (Relevant definitions)<\/h2>\n<section class=\"search\">\n<p>Starts with (<a href=\"file:\/\/\/index.php?type=search&amp;db=quick&amp;mode=prefix&amp;input=Yama\">+249<\/a>): <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yama-deva\">Yama Deva<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yama-muhurta\">Yama-muhurta<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabadha\">Yamabadha<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabali\">Yamabali<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabhadra\">Yamabhadra<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabhagini\">Yamabhagini<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamabhata\">Yamabhata<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaca-pahuna\">Yamaca Pahuna<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaca-pahuna\">Yamaca-pahuna<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamacakravartin\">Yamacakravartin<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaceti\">Yamaceti<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamachakravartin\">Yamachakravartin<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamacheti\">Yamacheti<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadadhi\">Yamadadhi<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadagni\">Yamadagni<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadagri\">Yamadagri<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadaivata\">Yamadaivata<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadamshtra\">Yamadamshtra<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadamshtraka\">Yamadamshtraka<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadamshtrini\">Yamadamshtrini<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ends with (<a href=\"file:\/\/\/index.php?type=search&amp;db=quick&amp;mode=suffix&amp;input=Yama\">+188<\/a>): <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/abhiniyama\">Abhiniyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/abhyantarayama\">Abhyantarayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/adhamamadhyama\">Adhamamadhyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/adhayama\">Adhayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/agnimiyama\">Agnimiyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/agnishomayama\">Agnishomayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/agradhanyama\">Agradhanyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/agrayaniyama\">Agrayaniyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/ahastriyama\">Ahastriyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/aidayama\">Aidayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/alpamadhyama\">Alpamadhyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/amadhyama\">Amadhyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/amrishodyama\">Amrishodyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/anavyama\">Anavyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/anilanishadhayama\">Anilanishadhayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/anilayama\">Anilayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/aniyama\">Aniyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/antaryama\">Antaryama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/anudyama\">Anudyama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/anumadhyama\">Anumadhyama<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Full-text (<a href=\"file:\/\/\/index.php?type=search&amp;db=quick&amp;mode=text&amp;input=Yama%2C+Y%C4%81ma%2C+Y%C4%81m%C4%81%2C+Yamas%2C+Y%C4%81mas%2C+Y%C4%81m%C4%81s\">+903<\/a>): <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamya\">Yamya<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/citragupta\">Citragupta<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/antaka\">Antaka<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamasadana\">Yamasadana<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/ashtangayoga\">Ashtangayoga<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/pitriraja\">Pitriraja<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/mrityu\">Mrityu<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/ardhayama\">Ardhayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaduta\">Yamaduta<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamayama\">Yamayama<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/dharmaraja\">Dharmaraja<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamantaka\">Yamantaka<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yami\">Yami<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadutaka\">Yamadutaka<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamaratha\">Yamaratha<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamayatana\">Yamayatana<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/jivitesha\">Jivitesha<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamavati\">Yamavati<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/dhumorna\">Dhumorna<\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/definition\/yamadanda\">Yamadanda<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2 id=\"relevant-text\" class=\"bookSubHeader mb-3\">Relevant text<\/h2>\n<section class=\"search\">\n<p>Search found 144 books and stories containing Yama, Y\u0101ma, Y\u0101m\u0101; (plurals include: Yamas, Y\u0101mas, Y\u0101m\u0101s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:<\/p>\n<div class=\"results book-overview\">\n<p class=\"header\"><strong><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/bhajana-rahasya\">Bhajana-Rahasya<\/a><\/strong> (by Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura Mahasaya)<\/p>\n<div class=\"chapters\" data-book-id=\"1610\">\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"420795\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/bhajana-rahasya\/d\/doc420795.html\">Editor\u2019s Preface to the English Edition<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"420793\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/bhajana-rahasya\/d\/doc420793.html\">Introduction to the Rahasya<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"420804\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/bhajana-rahasya\/d\/doc420804.html\">Text 6<\/a> &lt; [Chapter 1 &#8211; Prathama-y\u0101ma-s\u0101dhana (Ni\u015b\u0101nta-bhajana\u2013\u015braddh\u0101)]\n<p class=\"more\"><a class=\"more\">+ 19 more chapters<\/a> \/ <a class=\"preview\">show preview<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"header\"><strong><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi\">Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi<\/a><\/strong> (by Ganganatha Jha)<\/p>\n<div class=\"chapters\" data-book-id=\"1173\">\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"200307\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi\/d\/doc200307.html\">Verse 4.204<\/a> &lt; [Section XIV &#8211; Other Duties]\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"199999\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi\/d\/doc199999.html\">Verse 3.211<\/a> &lt; [Section XIV &#8211; Method of Feeding]\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"201095\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi\/d\/doc201095.html\">Verse 8.173<\/a> &lt; [Section XXX &#8211; The Royal dues and the King\u2019s duty regarding them]\n<p class=\"more\"><a class=\"more\">+ 159 more chapters<\/a> \/ <a class=\"preview\">show preview<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"header\"><strong><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/a-manual-of-abhidhamma\">A Manual of Abhidhamma<\/a><\/strong> (by N\u0101rada Thera)<\/p>\n<div class=\"chapters\" data-book-id=\"13\">\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"669\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/a-manual-of-abhidhamma\/d\/doc669.html\">Four Planes of Life<\/a> &lt; [Chapter V &#8211; Process Freed Section]\n<p class=\"more\"><a class=\"preview\">show preview<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"header\"><strong><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/abhidhamma-in-daily-life-ashin\">Abhidhamma in Daily Life (by Ashin Janakabhivamsa)<\/a><\/strong> (by Ashin Janakabhivamsa)<\/p>\n<div class=\"chapters\" data-book-id=\"193\">\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"3200\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/abhidhamma-in-daily-life-ashin\/d\/doc3200.html\">Part 1 &#8211; The nature of hells (niraya)<\/a> &lt; [Chapter 11 &#8211; Planes Of Existence]\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"3199\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/abhidhamma-in-daily-life-ashin\/d\/doc3199.html\">Chapter 11 &#8211; Planes Of Existence<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"3201\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/abhidhamma-in-daily-life-ashin\/d\/doc3201.html\">Part 2 &#8211; How The World Came To An End<\/a> &lt; [Chapter 11 &#8211; Planes Of Existence]\n<p class=\"more\"><a class=\"preview\">show preview<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"header\"><strong><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/sri-bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu\">Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu<\/a><\/strong> (by \u015ar\u012bla R\u016bpa Gosv\u0101m\u012b)<\/p>\n<div class=\"chapters\" data-book-id=\"518\">\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"217434\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/sri-bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu\/d\/doc217434.html\">Verse 1.2.166<\/a> &lt; [Part 2 &#8211; Devotional Service in Practice (s\u0101dhana-bhakti)]\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"217391\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/sri-bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu\/d\/doc217391.html\">Verse 1.2.123<\/a> &lt; [Part 2 &#8211; Devotional Service in Practice (s\u0101dhana-bhakti)]\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"218206\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/hinduism\/book\/sri-bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu\/d\/doc218206.html\">Verse 2.4.157<\/a> &lt; [Part 4 &#8211; Transient Ecstatic Disturbances (vy\u0101bhic\u0101ri-bh\u0101va)]\n<p class=\"more\"><a class=\"more\">+ 3 more chapters<\/a> \/ <a class=\"preview\">show preview<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"header\"><strong><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra\">Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra<\/a><\/strong> (by Gelongma Karma Migme Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n)<\/p>\n<div class=\"chapters\" data-book-id=\"821\">\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"225151\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra\/d\/doc225151.html\">Act 1.6: Definition of tris\u0101hasramah\u0101s\u0101hasralokadh\u0101tu<\/a> &lt; [Chapter XIV &#8211; Emission of rays]\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"225167\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra\/d\/doc225167.html\">Act 7.3: Description of Paranirmitava\u015bavartin<\/a> &lt; [Chapter XIV &#8211; Emission of rays]\n<p class=\"chapter\" data-chapter-id=\"225205\"><a href=\"file:\/\/\/buddhism\/book\/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra\/d\/doc225205.html\">Act 10.10: \u015a\u0101kyamuni gazes upon the immense assembly gathered before him<\/a> &lt; [Chapter XV &#8211; The Arrival of the Bodhisattvas of the Ten Directions]\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yama, Y\u0101ma, Y\u0101m\u0101: 44 definitions Introduction Introduction Image gallery In Hinduism Yoga Rasashastra Natyashastra Purana Kavya Vedanta Shaktism Vyakarana Dharmashastra Shilpashastra Shaivism Vaishnavism General definition In Buddhism Theravada Tibetan Buddhism Mahayana General definition In Jainism General &hellip; <a class=\"kt-excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/yama-various-definitions\/\" aria-label=\"Yama, various definitions\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":81,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-english"],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-06-17 10:25:02","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16927","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/81"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16927"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16927\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16927"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16927"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.isvara.org\/archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16927"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}